The Role of Colchicine in Plant Breeding.

Colchicine, a strong antimitotic drug produced by the crocus , induces polyploidy by interfering with spindle formation during mitosis, making it a crucial tool in plant breeding. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the function of colchicine in plant enhancement, emphasizing its modes of action, application techniques, and effects on phytochemistry, physiology, and plant morphology. A wide variety of plant species, especially medicinal plants, have been studied in this context, utilizing in vitro, ex vitro, and in vivo methods for applying colchicine. In addition, we discuss the safety and effectiveness of colchicine in comparison to other polyploidy-inducing drugs, including oryzalin, trifluralin, and mutagens such as ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate. Furthermore, the effects of colchicine on genetic stability and secondary metabolite production are discussed, with a focus on its usefulness in boosting the medicinal and economic potential of the target species. This synthesis highlights the ongoing use of colchicine in plant breeding and provides useful information and suggestions for future advancements in crop development via induced polyploidy.