Pemas Sotirios, Baliakas Dimitrios, Pechlivani Eleftheria Maria, Stefanidou Maria
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Building Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Jul 18;18(14):3375. doi: 10.3390/ma18143375.
Additive manufacturing (AM) has brought significant breakthroughs to the construction sector, such as the ability to fabricate complex geometries, enhance efficiency, and reduce both material usage and construction waste. However, several challenges must still be addressed to fully transition from conventional construction practices to innovative and sustainable green alternatives. This study investigates the use of non-cementitious traditional mixtures for green construction applications through 3D printing using Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM) technology. To explore the development of mixtures with enhanced physical and mechanical properties, natural pine and cypress wood shavings were added in varying proportions (1%, 3%, and 5%) as sustainable additives. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to demonstrate the printability of these eco-friendly mortars that can be used for conservation purposes and overcome the challenges of incorporating bio-products in 3D printing; and second, to develop sustainable composites that align with the objectives of the European Green Deal, offering low-emission construction solutions. The proposed mortars use hydrated lime and natural pozzolan as binders, river sand as an aggregate, and a polycarboxylate superplasticizer. While most studies with bio-products focus on traditional methods, this research provides proof of concept for their use in 3D printing. The study results indicate that, at low percentages, both additives had minimal effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the tested mortars, whereas higher percentages led to progressively more significant deterioration. Additionally, compared to molded specimens, the 3D-printed mortars exhibited slightly reduced mechanical strength and increased porosity, attributable to insufficient compaction during the printing process.
增材制造（AM）给建筑行业带来了重大突破，比如能够制造复杂的几何形状、提高效率以及减少材料使用和建筑垃圾。然而，要从传统建筑做法完全过渡到创新且可持续的绿色替代方案，仍有几个挑战必须加以解决。本研究通过使用液体沉积建模（LDM）技术进行3D打印，来探究非水泥基传统混合物在绿色建筑应用中的使用情况。为了探索具有增强物理和机械性能的混合物的发展，将天然松柏木屑按不同比例（1%、3%和5%）作为可持续添加剂添加进去。本研究的目的有两个：第一，证明这些可用于保护目的的环保砂浆的可打印性，并克服在3D打印中加入生物产品的挑战；第二，开发符合欧洲绿色协议目标的可持续复合材料，提供低排放的建筑解决方案。所提议的砂浆使用熟石灰和天然火山灰作为粘结剂，河砂作为骨料，并使用聚羧酸高效减水剂。虽然大多数关于生物产品的研究都集中在传统方法上，但本研究为它们在3D打印中的使用提供了概念验证。研究结果表明，在低比例下，两种添加剂对测试砂浆的物理和机械性能影响最小，而较高比例则导致逐渐更显著的劣化。此外，与模制试件相比，3D打印砂浆的机械强度略有降低，孔隙率增加，这归因于打印过程中的压实不足。
