Hoyochi Isidore, Padonou Germain Gil, Tokponnon Tatchémè Filémon, Konkon Alphonse Keller, Zoungbédji David Mahouton, Salako Albert Sourou, Dangnon Brice, Akowanou A Virgile Onésime, Sintondji Luc Olivier, Sossoukpe Edmond, Baba-Moussa Lamine, Akogbéto Martin Codjo
Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Benin.
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
Trop Med Health. 2025 Jul 30;53(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s41182-025-00786-6.
Malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis are diseases transmitted by Anopheles, Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, respectively. These mosquitoes have evolved and adapted to environmental conditions and human lifestyles, providing them with a variety of breeding sites. This study aimed to determine the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of breeding sites on the distribution of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in Benin.
The collections took place from January to November 2025 and lasted 9 months. Mosquito larvae were collected from 11 municipalities in Benin. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity were measured in situ during larval sampling. Variations among the physicochemical parameters were assessed via Chi-square multiple comparisons of proportions and the least significant difference (LSD) test following analysis of variance (ANOVA). Correlations between physicochemical variables were analyzed via principal component analysis (PCA).
The results revealed that domestic containers and tires were the most common indoor and outdoor breeding sites for human dwellings, respectively. The pH levels slightly varied across the different breeding sites but generally remained nearly neutral. The temperatures were relatively consistent among the habitats, averaging approximately 30 °C. Salinity levels were close to zero at most Aedes and Anopheles breeding sites, whereas Culex larvae were commonly associated with sites with salinity values close to one. The total dissolved solids and conductivity varied considerably among the sites. Dissolved oxygen was positively correlated with the presence of Anopheles larvae. Both Aedes and Anopheles are typically found in habitats with low turbidity, whereas Culex larvae are associated with highly turbid environments, with turbidity ranging from 10 to 858 NTU. Principal component analysis revealed strong positive correlations between conductivity, salinity, and TDS; weak correlations between turbidity and temperature; and negative correlations between dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and salinity.
This study highlights the importance of the physicochemical properties of breeding sites in the distribution of primary vector mosquito species. The prevalence of domestic containers and tires as breeding sites underscores the necessity of targeted interventions in these habitats, both indoors and outdoors of human dwellings.
疟疾、登革热和淋巴丝虫病分别由按蚊、伊蚊和库蚊传播。这些蚊子已经进化并适应了环境条件和人类生活方式，为它们提供了各种各样的繁殖场所。本研究旨在确定繁殖场所的理化特性对贝宁按蚊、伊蚊和库蚊分布的影响。
采集工作于2025年1月至11月进行，为期9个月。从贝宁的11个市采集蚊子幼虫。在幼虫采样期间现场测量理化参数，如pH值、温度、盐度、总溶解固体、电导率、溶解氧和浊度。通过方差分析（ANOVA）后的卡方比例多重比较和最小显著差异（LSD）检验评估理化参数之间的差异。通过主成分分析（PCA）分析理化变量之间的相关性。
结果显示，家用容器和轮胎分别是人类住所最常见的室内和室外繁殖场所。不同繁殖场所的pH值略有变化，但总体上接近中性。各栖息地的温度相对一致，平均约为30°C。大多数伊蚊和按蚊繁殖场所的盐度接近零，而库蚊幼虫通常与盐度值接近1的场所相关。不同场所的总溶解固体和电导率差异很大。溶解氧与按蚊幼虫的存在呈正相关。伊蚊和按蚊通常都出现在浊度低的栖息地，而库蚊幼虫与高浊度环境相关，浊度范围为10至858 NTU。主成分分析显示电导率、盐度和总溶解固体之间存在强正相关；浊度与温度之间存在弱相关；溶解氧、电导率和盐度之间存在负相关。
本研究强调了繁殖场所的理化特性在主要病媒蚊种分布中的重要性。家用容器和轮胎作为繁殖场所的普遍性凸显了在人类住所室内和室外这些栖息地进行有针对性干预的必要性。
