Johnson Quincy R
Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
Muscles. 2025 May 19;4(2):14. doi: 10.3390/muscles4020014.
The strength and conditioning literature examining neuromuscular physiology, bioenergetics, neuroendocrine factors, nutrition and metabolic factors, and the use of ergogenic aids, as well as physical and physiological responses and adaptations, have clearly identified the benefits of participating in regular resistance training programs for athletic populations, especially as it relates to improving muscular strength. Beyond evidence-based research, models for resistance training program implementation are of considerable value for optimizing athletic performance. In fact, several have been provided that address general to specific characteristics of athleticism (i.e., strength endurance, muscular strength, and muscular power) through resistance training over the decades. For instance, a published model known as the strength-endurance continuum that enhances dynamic correspondence (i.e., training specificity) in athletic populations by developing structural, metabolic, and neural capacities across a high-load, low-repetition and low-load, high-repetition range. Further models have been developed to enhance performance approaches (i.e., optimum performance training model) and outcomes (i.e., performance pyramid), even within specific populations, such as youth (i.e., youth physical development model). The ten, five, three, or 10-5-3 (TFT) model for strength and conditioning professionals synthesizes currently available information and provides a framework for the effective implementation of resistance training approaches to suit the needs of athletes at each stage of development. The model includes three key components to consider when designing strength and conditioning programs, denoted by the acronym TFT (ten, five, three). Over recent years, the model has gained much support from teams, coaches, and athletes, mainly due to the ability to streamline common knowledge within the field into an efficient and effective resistance training system. Furthermore, this model is distinctly unique from others as it prioritizes the development of strength-endurance, muscular strength, and muscular power concurrently. This paper explains the model itself and begins to provide recommendations for those interested in implementing TFT-based approaches, including a summary of points as a brief take-home guide to implementing TFT interventions. It is the author's hope that this paper encourages other performance professionals to share their models to appreciate human ingenuity and advance our understanding of individualized approaches and systems towards the physical development of the modern-day athlete.
研究神经肌肉生理学、生物能量学、神经内分泌因素、营养和代谢因素以及促力补剂使用情况的力量与体能训练文献,连同身体和生理反应及适应情况,都已明确指出,参与常规抗阻训练计划对运动员群体有益,尤其是在提高肌肉力量方面。除了基于证据的研究之外,抗阻训练计划实施模型对于优化运动表现具有相当大的价值。事实上,几十年来已经有多个模型通过抗阻训练来解决从一般到特定的运动能力特征(即力量耐力、肌肉力量和肌肉功率)。例如,一个名为力量耐力连续体的已发表模型,通过在高负荷、低重复次数和低负荷、高重复次数范围内发展结构、代谢和神经能力,增强运动员群体中的动态对应性(即训练特异性)。还开发了进一步的模型来强化表现方法(即最佳表现训练模型)和结果(即表现金字塔),甚至在特定人群中,如青少年(即青少年身体发育模型)。面向力量与体能训练专业人员的十、五、三或10 - 5 - 3(TFT)模型综合了当前可用信息,并为有效实施抗阻训练方法提供了一个框架,以满足运动员在每个发展阶段的需求。该模型包括在设计力量与体能训练计划时要考虑的三个关键要素,用首字母缩略词TFT(十、五、三)表示。近年来,该模型得到了团队、教练和运动员的大力支持,主要是因为它能够将该领域的常识精简成一个高效且有效的抗阻训练系统。此外,该模型与其他模型明显不同,因为它同时优先发展力量耐力、肌肉力量和肌肉功率。本文解释了该模型本身,并开始为那些有兴趣实施基于TFT方法的人提供建议,包括要点总结,作为实施TFT干预的简要实用指南。作者希望本文能鼓励其他表现专业人员分享他们的模型,以欣赏人类的创造力,并增进我们对现代运动员身体发育的个性化方法和系统的理解。