Optimizing Oral Vaccine Distribution Strategies for Wild Boars Through Bias-Corrected Habitat Modeling: A Case Study of Classical Swine Fever Control in Japan.

Control of infectious diseases in wildlife is often considered challenging due to the limited availability of information. Some infectious diseases in wildlife can also affect livestock, posing significant problems for the animal farming industry. In Japan, classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in September 2018. Given the availability of commercial vaccines, control measures mainly involve the vaccination of domestic pigs and the distribution of oral vaccines to wild boars. Despite these efforts, the disease continues to spread, primarily due to wild boars. This transmission is further exacerbated by Japan's challenging geography-about 66% forested-making many areas difficult to access and leading to spatial bias in surveillance. As a result, the epidemic situation cannot be fully understood, limiting the effectiveness of control measures. This study estimated wild boar distribution using a species distribution model (SDM) that incorporates geographic bias correction. Two maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models-a standard model and a reporting bias-corrected model-were developed using wild boar observation data from Aichi Prefecture. Both models demonstrated excellent prediction accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.946 and 0.946, sensitivity of 0.868 and 0.943, and specificity of 0.999 and 0.991), with the most influential variables identified in a similar order (solar radiation in November, followed by elevation, precipitation during the wettest quarter, and solar radiation in August). While both models identified high-probability areas in the east, the bias-corrected model also revealed expanded high-probability zones in the northeast. During the epidemic phases, protecting farms takes priority; however, in eradication phases, control measures must also target wild boar habitats in forested areas. By using open-access environmental data, this modeling approach can be applied to other regions. Accurate estimation of wild boar distribution can contribute to improving wildlife disease surveillance and optimizing oral vaccine delivery strategies.