Introduction Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are prevalent among dental professionals due to the physical demands of clinical work, including awkward postures and repetitive motions. These conditions pose a risk to both practitioner well-being and service continuity. In Qatar, however, data on the extent of this issue within primary healthcare settings remains limited. This study investigates the prevalence of MSDs among dentists at the Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) and explores contributing occupational factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of MSDs among dentists working at PHCC in Qatar. Data were collected via a structured, self-administered online questionnaire disseminated through official PHCC email accounts using Microsoft Forms (Redmond, WA, USA). All dentists with active official email addresses including general dentists, specialists, and consultants were invited to participate in the study between November 1 and November 30, 2024. A follow-up reminder was sent two weeks after the initial invitation to encourage participation. The questionnaire consisted primarily of structured, closed-ended questions, with one open-ended item at the end to collect suggestions for improvement. It addressed six thematic areas: demographic information, musculoskeletal symptoms, interventions used, impact on work, ergonomic awareness and practices, and participant recommendations. Results Of the 42 respondents, 33 (78.6%) reported musculoskeletal symptoms within the past year. Among them, 15 (45.5%) required sick leave due to these symptoms. Twenty-one (63.6%) attributed the symptoms entirely to their dental practice, while 15 (45.5%) reported partial work-related causes. Although 31 (73.8 %) indicated awareness of ergonomic practices, only 25 (59.5%) applied them consistently in clinical settings. General dentists comprised 29 (69.0%) of the participants, with the 40-49 age group being most represented (17; 40.5%). Conclusion The findings reveal a concerning prevalence of MSDs among dentists practicing in PHCC settings, highlighting the urgent need for targeted preventive measures. Promoting ergonomic training, optimizing clinical schedules, and encouraging regular physical activity which may help mitigate the impact of MSDs. Furthermore, future policies should prioritize occupational health and ergonomic integration within primary dental care services.