High-performance conductive nanocomposites of modified poly(lactic acid) and nanocarbon black: Enhanced mechanical properties, chemically proven 3D network structure, and antibacterial features for 3D printing.

Polylactic acid (PLA), despite its biodegradability, suffers from inherent brittleness, low electrical conductivity, and insufficient antibacterial properties, limiting its application in high-performance fields. To address these limitations, this study developed high-performance conductive nanocomposites by introducing modified poly(lactic acid) (MPLA) and nanocarbon black (nCB). At an optimal nCB content of 8 %, the composites achieved significant enhancements, including a 48.6 % increase in tensile strength (from 48 MPa to 71.3 MPa), improved crystallinity, hydrophobicity, and electrical conductivity (up to 6.85 × 10 S/cm). The formation of a unique 3D network structure between MPLA and nCB was confirmed through FTIR, XPS, and TEM analyses, revealing key chemical bonding and microstructural features responsible for performance enhancement. SEM observations further verified uniform filler dispersion and improved interfacial compatibility. Water absorption, contact angle, antibacterial (against E. coli and S. aureus), and biodegradation tests demonstrated enhanced resistance to moisture, microbial growth, and environmental degradation. The optimized formulation was successfully processed into 3D printing filaments, and tensile specimens showed an 81 % improvement in tensile strength compared to pure PLA. These findings highlight the potential of MPLA/nCB composites as sustainable, multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering, wearable electronics, and advanced 3D printing applications.