Pekel Aydın, Yoka Keziban, Turan Mehmet Behzat, Yoka Osman, Akyüz Oktay, Pepe Osman
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Vocational School of Physical Education and Sports, Istanbul Esenyurt University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 9;15(1):29181. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07947-x.
This study was designed with a mixed model to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure university students' carbon footprint awareness. A total of 1053 university students, 454 female and 599 male, were included in the study voluntarily. To provide evidence for the scale's validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were applied to the measurement tool within the scope of construct validity. In the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) conducted in the first stage of the study, and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the second stage, scale questions consisting of 50 items (n = 500) were applied to the participants. The higher the variance from exploratory factor analysis, the stronger the scale's factor structure. Our item loadings vary between 0.40 and 0.70. These ratios show that the items in our scale are significant. No item was removed from the scale due to the item analysis. One modification process was made. It was proven that the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, tested in line with the reliability of the measurement tool, was high. As a result of the analyzes performed, Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficients; For "Buildings factor" it was found as 0.783, for "Fossil Fuel Transportation and Transportation factor" it was found as 0.873, for "Oil Refinery factor" it was found as 0.857, for "Industry factor" it was found as 0.826, for "Electricity and Heat Production factor" it was found as 0.807, for "Land Use and Forestry factor" it was found as 0.790, for "Agricultural Activity factor" it was found as 0.858, for "Waste factor" it was found as 0.781, for "Other Energy Production factor" it was found as 0.864, for "Sports Organizations factor" it was found as 0.910 and for "Carbon Footprint Awareness Scale" it was found as 0.966. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the χ2/sd value, one of the fit indexes of the model, was determined as 2.79. Accordingly, it was determined that the χ2/sd ratio was the perfect fit for the analysis. In the second stage of the study, scale questions consisting of 50 items (n = 553) were applied to the participants. In the CFA applied to the obtained data, the value of χ2/sd, one of the fit indexes of the model, was determined as 2.75. In CFA, the Chi-Square/degrees of freedom (df) ratio being below three corresponds to a perfect fit, and below five corresponds to a moderate fit. In this direction, it was determined that the χ2/sd ratio was perfect for the analysis. RMSEA value showed a good fit at a 0.056 level. Thus, it was determined that the 50-item and 10-factor structure of the scale was confirmed as a model. In this context, it can be said that the Carbon Footprint Awareness Scale is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can measure carbon footprint awareness to create awareness and a conscious society among university students and the society in general.
本研究采用混合模型设计，旨在开发一种有效且可靠的测量工具，以测量大学生的碳足迹意识。共有1053名大学生自愿参与本研究，其中454名女生，599名男生。为了为该量表的有效性提供证据，在结构效度范围内，对测量工具应用了探索性因素分析（EFA）和验证性因素分析（CFA）。在研究的第一阶段进行探索性因素分析（EFA），第二阶段进行验证性因素分析（CFA）时，由50个项目（n = 500）组成的量表问题应用于参与者。探索性因素分析的方差越高，量表的因素结构越强。我们的项目载荷在0.40至0.70之间变化。这些比率表明我们量表中的项目是显著的。由于项目分析，量表中没有删除任何项目。进行了一次修改过程。事实证明，根据测量工具的可靠性进行测试的克朗巴哈系数很高。分析结果显示，克朗巴哈系数；“建筑因素”为0.783，“化石燃料运输和交通因素”为0.873，“炼油厂因素”为0.857，“工业因素”为0.826，“电力和热力生产因素”为0.807，“土地利用和林业因素”为0.790，“农业活动因素”为0.858，“废物因素”为0.781，“其他能源生产因素”为0.864，“体育组织因素”为0.910，“碳足迹意识量表”为0.966。验证性因素分析的结果表明，模型拟合指数之一的χ2/sd值确定为2.79。因此，确定χ2/sd比率非常适合该分析。在研究的第二阶段，由50个项目（n = 553）组成的量表问题应用于参与者。在对获得的数据进行的CFA中，模型拟合指数之一的χ2/sd值确定为2.75。在CFA中，卡方/自由度（df）比率低于3对应于完美拟合，低于5对应于适度拟合。在这个方向上，确定χ2/sd比率非常适合该分析。RMSEA值在0.056水平显示出良好的拟合。因此，确定该量表的50个项目和10个因素结构被确认为一个模型。在这种情况下，可以说碳足迹意识量表是一种有效且可靠的数据收集工具，能够测量碳足迹意识，以在大学生和整个社会中提高意识并创建一个有意识的社会。
