Malek Mohammad Sadegh, Askary Kachoosangy Reihaneh, Pashazadehazari Zahra
Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Iran J Child Neurol. 2025 Jun 25;19(3):35-43. doi: 10.22037/ijcn.v19i3.47619. eCollection 2025 Summer.
The symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) consist of persistent challenges with lack of attention and/or hyperactivity and impulsiveness. ADHD can have far-reaching and long-lasting effects on every part of an individual's life, influencing various areas such as daily activities, work, social participation, and family life. "Engagement in a life situation" defines participation and encompasses various aspects, including being present and actively engaging. There is increasing evidence that children diagnosed with ADHD have restricted participation compared to their typically developing peers. Little research has focused on the involvement of children with ADHD in their everyday routines and leisure activities. Hence, this study aims to investigate the participation patterns in extracurricular activities among children with and without ADHD.
MATERIALS & METHODS: The participants included 100 children aged 7-11 years with ADHD and 100 children without ADHD of the same age. They were recruited from multiple clinics and one hospital across Tehran city as a convenient sample. All the participants completed the child symptom inventory (CSI-4) and the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE). The study examined various aspects of participation, including diversity, intensity, enjoyment, place, and partners across 55 activities. The study was conducted online and completed by parents.
The two groups showed no statistically significant difference in demographic characteristics (P> 0.05). The results show that children with ADHD had notably lower participation rates in all types and domains of activities, indicating lower intensity (P value<0.001).
Based on this study's findings, children between the ages of 7 and 11 with ADHD experience significant limitations in engaging in daily activities compared to their typical peers. According to the results, including extracurricular activities in treatment plans seems particularly significant. Therapists and parents should focus on the child's daily life at home and in therapy sessions and emphasize the inclusion of extracurricular activities in the treatment of children with ADHD.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的症状包括持续存在的注意力不集中和/或多动及冲动问题。ADHD会对个体生活的方方面面产生深远且持久的影响，影响日常活动、工作、社会参与和家庭生活等各个领域。“参与生活情境”定义了参与度，涵盖多个方面，包括在场并积极参与。越来越多的证据表明，与发育正常的同龄人相比，被诊断患有ADHD的儿童参与度受限。很少有研究关注ADHD儿童在日常生活和休闲活动中的参与情况。因此，本研究旨在调查患有和未患有ADHD的儿童在课外活动中的参与模式。
参与者包括100名7至11岁患有ADHD的儿童和100名同年龄段未患ADHD的儿童。他们是从德黑兰市的多个诊所和一家医院招募的便利样本。所有参与者都完成了儿童症状清单（CSI - 4）和儿童参与及享受程度评估（CAPE）。该研究考察了参与的各个方面，包括55项活动的多样性、强度、享受程度、场所和伙伴。研究通过网络进行，由家长完成。
两组在人口统计学特征上无统计学显著差异（P>0.05）。结果显示，患有ADHD的儿童在所有类型和领域的活动中的参与率显著较低，表明强度较低（P值<0.001）。
基于本研究结果，7至11岁患有ADHD的儿童与正常同龄人相比，在参与日常活动方面存在显著限制。根据结果，将课外活动纳入治疗计划似乎尤为重要。治疗师和家长应关注孩子在家中的日常生活以及治疗过程，并强调将课外活动纳入ADHD儿童的治疗中。
