Biofuel production from starchy crops: advanced technology and current perspectives.

The sustainable replacement of conventional fossil fuels with bioethanol produced from starchy crops has garnered significant interest. This review paper provides current perspectives in the field and an overview of advanced technologies, emphasising the importance of efficient and environmentally friendly processes. Starchy crops such as wheat, barley, cassava, potato, and maize possess high starch content, which serves as a key feedstock for bioethanol production. Advanced technologies are crucial in improving the efficiency of the entire production chain. Enzymatic hydrolysis has emerged as an innovative method, employing enzymes to break down starch into fermentable sugars. This approach is more precise and efficient compared to traditional acid or heat-based methods. Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) is another advanced technique that combines fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, streamlining production and lowering overall costs. Innovations in genetic engineering, particularly the CRISPR/Cas9 system and strain improvement, have significantly enhanced fermentation efficiency, substrate tolerance, and resistance to inhibitors, resulting in higher yields and greater process robustness. This approach aligns with the circular bio-economy principle, where waste streams and by-products are efficiently utilised. The emergence of integrated biorefineries supports circular bioeconomy principles by enabling the co-production of bioethanol and value-added by-products, maximizing resource utilization and minimizing waste. In conclusion, the convergence of cutting-edge biotechnologies and sustainable process integration is redefining the future of bioethanol production from starchy crops, with ongoing R&D poised to drive further innovation and scalability.