Attfield Paul V, Boyd Kelly, Purkovic Dragana, Ng Woon Siew, Arcenal Psyche, Kroukamp Heinrich, Bell Philip J L
Microbiogen Pty Ltd., Macquarie Park, NSW 2113, Australia.
FEMS Yeast Res. 2025 Jan 30;25. doi: 10.1093/femsyr/foaf044.
Greenhouse gases drive climate change, which leads to less productive farmland and diminishing food security. Fossil oil, which is used for transport fuels and for manufacturing plastics, synthetic fabrics and other everyday products, is a major contributor to climate change. Significant greenhouse gas abatement can be achieved by replacing fossil oil with renewable biofuels. Bioethanol is proven as a road transport fuel and has potential to be converted into sustainable aviation fuel and chemicals currently made from oil. First-generation (1G) bioethanol is produced by yeast fermentation of six-carbon sugars from food crops, and it represents the major biofuel by volume. A growing second-generation (2G) industry produces bioethanol via yeast fermentation of six- and five-carbon lignocellulosic sugars. This article considers yeast-dependent aspects of 1G and 2G technologies. Critical phenotypes essential for bioethanol processes are reviewed along with classical and molecular genetic strategies for yeast strain improvements. Bioethanol production needs to be increased substantially to approach full fossil oil replacement. The future for bioethanol and the role of yeasts in mitigating climate change and improving land-use are discussed in terms of third- and fourth-generation bioethanol, and multiproduct Power-to-X biorefineries that include potential for carbon dioxide fixation by yeasts.
温室气体推动气候变化，导致农田生产力下降和粮食安全受到威胁。用于运输燃料以及制造塑料、合成纤维和其他日常用品的化石油是气候变化的主要促成因素。用可再生生物燃料替代化石油可大幅减少温室气体排放。生物乙醇已被证明是一种道路运输燃料，并且有潜力转化为可持续航空燃料以及目前由石油制成的化学品。第一代（1G）生物乙醇是通过粮食作物中的六碳糖经酵母发酵生产的，按产量计算它是主要的生物燃料。新兴的第二代（2G）产业通过六碳和五碳木质纤维素糖的酵母发酵来生产生物乙醇。本文探讨了第一代和第二代技术中依赖酵母的方面。综述了生物乙醇生产过程中至关重要的表型，以及用于酵母菌株改良的经典和分子遗传策略。为了实现完全替代化石油，生物乙醇产量需要大幅提高。从第三代和第四代生物乙醇以及包括酵母固定二氧化碳潜力的多产品“电转X”生物精炼厂的角度，讨论了生物乙醇的未来以及酵母在缓解气候变化和改善土地利用方面的作用。
