Youth exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing in relation to race/ethnicity and income adequacy in Canada.

BACKGROUND

Youth of racial/ethnic minority groups and lower-income households are disproportionately exposed to unhealthy food marketing on television; however, there is limited evidence concerning digital marketing. This study examined differences in Canadian youth's exposure to digital food marketing by race/ethnicity and household income adequacy.

METHODS

Frequency of food marketing exposure via digital platforms and digital food marketing techniques were self-reported by 996 youth in Canada aged 10-17 years. Proportional odds and logistic regression models explored differences between racial/ethnic (White vs. racial/ethnic minority) and income adequacy groups (low vs. medium vs. high), adjusted for sociodemographic and digital device usage variables.

RESULTS

White participants had lower odds of more frequent exposure to digital marketing of sugary drinks (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52-0.94), sugary cereals (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.42-0.76), fruits/vegetables (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.45-0.87), salty/savoury snacks (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47-0.85), fast food (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.99), and desserts/sweets (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50-0.91) than racial/ethnic minority youth. Compared to youth from low income adequacy households, those with medium income adequacy were less likely to report more frequent exposure to marketing of sugary drinks (OR: 0.67; 95 CI: 0.51-0.89), fast food (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50-0.87), and desserts/sweets (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49-0.87). White youth were less likely than racial/ethnic minority youth to report exposure to unhealthy food marketing on ≥ 1 social media platform(s) (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.30-0.68) and gaming/TV/music streaming platform/website(s) (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51-0.99); no differences were observed between income groups. White youth were less likely than racial/ethnic minority youth to report exposure to marketing featuring incentives/premiums (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52-0.99) and cross-promotions (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51-0.99). Participants of higher (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.95) and medium (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50-0.93) income adequacy were less likely to report exposure to marketing featuring celebrities than those with low income adequacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Youth of racial/ethnic minorities report more frequent exposure to digital food marketing, especially for unhealthy foods, than White youth in Canada. Differences were also observed between income groups. Comprehensive marketing regulations are needed to limit all youths' exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing.