Biomimetic nanovaccines in cancer therapy: mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical translation.

Biomimetic nanovaccines have emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapy, utilizing nanoscale materials that mimic biological systems to elicit robust immune responses. This review delves into the mechanisms by which biomimetic nanovaccines activate the immune system, focusing on their ability to present tumor antigens and stimulate dendritic cells. Various types of biomimetic nanovaccines, including those based on virus-like particles, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, and peptide-based nanovaccines, are examined. Preclinical studies demonstrating enhanced immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects are highlighted, along with an analysis of current clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of these nanovaccines in cancer patients. The review also addresses the technical and regulatory challenges in developing biomimetic nanovaccines and offers insights into future innovations that could facilitate their clinical translation.