Craig A B, Skehan P L, Pawelczyk J A, Boomer W L
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985 Dec;17(6):625-34. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198512000-00001.
The mean velocity of 9 out of 10 women's events during the U.S. Olympic Swimming Trials was greater in 1984 as compared to 1976. Three of the 10 men's events showed improvement. In 9 out of these 12 events, the increased velocity was accounted for by increased distance per stroke (range, -3 to -13%). In the women's 100-m butterfly and 100-m backstroke, increased velocity was due solely to faster stroke rates. The finalists in each event were compared to those whose velocities were 3-7% slower. In almost all events and stroke styles, the finalists achieved greater distances per stroke than did the slower group. In the men's events increased distance per stroke was associated with decreased stroke rate, except in the backstroke, in which both were increased for the finalists. Although the faster women swimmers generally had greater distances per stroke, they were more dependent than men on faster stroke rates to achieve superiority. The profile of velocity for races of 200 m and longer indicated that as fatigue developed the distance per stroke decreased. The faster swimmers compensated for this change by maintaining or increasing stroke rate more than did their slower competitors. This study indicates that improvements and superiority in stroke mechanics are reflected in the stroke rate and distance per stroke used to swim a race.
在美国奥运会游泳选拔赛中，10项女子赛事中有9项的平均速度在1984年比1976年更快。10项男子赛事中有3项有所进步。在这12项赛事中的9项里，速度的提高是由每划水距离增加所致（范围为-3%至-13%）。在女子100米蝶泳和100米仰泳中，速度的提高仅仅是因为划水频率更快。将每项赛事的决赛选手与速度慢3%-7%的选手进行比较。在几乎所有赛事和划水方式中，决赛选手每划水的距离都比速度较慢的组更远。在男子赛事中，每划水距离的增加与划水频率的降低有关，但仰泳除外，在仰泳项目中，决赛选手的这两项指标都有所增加。尽管速度较快的女游泳运动员通常每划水的距离更远，但与男子相比，她们更依赖更快的划水频率来取得优势。200米及更长距离比赛的速度曲线表明，随着疲劳的出现，每划水的距离会减少。速度较快的游泳运动员通过比速度较慢的对手更多地保持或提高划水频率来弥补这一变化。这项研究表明，划水力学的改进和优势体现在用于游泳比赛的划水频率和每划水距离上。
