Immobilization of laccase on biochar for the remediation of organic pollutants: A comprehensive review.

The resolution of long-residue, carcinogenic, and mutagenic organic pollutants has become a critical global challenge. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of biochar-immobilized laccase systems for the remediation of organic pollutants. The background and significance of research in this field are first introduced, followed by an emphasis on the major challenges and limitations currently encountered. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of the latest research findings concerning the degradation of organic pollutants is conducted. The characteristics of laccase, along with the advantages and disadvantages of various immobilization techniques such as adsorption, covalent binding, and cross-linking, the properties of different immobilization carriers, and the benefits of using biochar as a carrier for laccase immobilization are discussed. Furthermore, the degradation mechanisms of five types of organic pollutants mediated by biochar-immobilized laccase are explored, along with factors influencing degradation efficiency. Biochar-immobilized laccase enhances enzyme stability and allows for reuse, thereby reducing operational costs. In addition, its simple preparation process significantly improves degradation efficiency while broadening its applicability in real-world pollution control scenarios due to its supportive and protective role. This review aims to provide valuable references to assist in selecting the most suitable biochar-immobilized laccase system for effective remediation of pollutants.