Andras Cristina Maria, Barb Gordana, Otesteanu Marius
Department of Communications, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 25;25(15):4619. doi: 10.3390/s25154619.
The advance of 5G technology marks a significant evolution in wireless communications, characterized by ultra-high data rates, low latency, and massive connectivity across varied areas. A fundamental enabler of these capabilities is represented by beamforming, an advanced signal processing technique that focuses radio energy to a specific user equipment (UE), thereby enhancing signal quality-crucial for maximizing spectral efficiency. The work presents a classification of beamforming techniques, categorized according to the implementation within 5G New Radio (NR) architectures. Furthermore, the paper investigates beam management (BM) procedures, which are essential Layer 1 and Layer 2 mechanisms responsible for the dynamic configuration, monitoring, and maintenance of optimal beam pair links between gNodeBs and UEs. The article emphasizes the spectral spectrogram of Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSBs) generated under various deployment scenarios, illustrating how parameters such as subcarrier spacing (SCS), frequency band, and the number of SSBs influence the spectral occupancy and synchronization performance. These insights provide a technical foundation for optimizing initial access and beam tracking in high-frequency 5G deployments, particularly within Frequency Range (FR2). Additionally, the versatility of 5G's time-frequency structure is demonstrated by the spectrogram analysis of SSBs in a variety of deployment scenarios. These results provide insight into how different configurations affect the synchronization signals' temporal and spectral occupancy, which directly affects initial access, cell identification, and energy efficiency.
5G技术的进步标志着无线通信领域的重大演进，其特点是具有超高数据速率、低延迟以及在不同领域实现大规模连接。波束赋形是实现这些能力的一项基本技术，它是一种先进的信号处理技术，可将无线电能量聚焦到特定的用户设备（UE）上，从而提高信号质量，这对于最大化频谱效率至关重要。这项工作对波束赋形技术进行了分类，根据其在5G新无线电（NR）架构中的实现方式进行划分。此外，本文还研究了波束管理（BM）程序，这是第1层和第2层的关键机制，负责动态配置、监测和维护gNodeB与UE之间的最佳波束对链路。文章强调了在各种部署场景下生成的同步信号块（SSB）的频谱图，说明了诸如子载波间隔（SCS）、频段和SSB数量等参数如何影响频谱占用和同步性能。这些见解为优化高频5G部署（特别是在频率范围（FR2）内）中的初始接入和波束跟踪提供了技术基础。此外，通过对各种部署场景下SSB的频谱图分析，展示了5G时频结构的通用性。这些结果深入了解了不同配置如何影响同步信号的时间和频谱占用，而这直接影响初始接入、小区识别和能源效率。
