Rai Mahendra, Zimowska Beata, Shende Sudhir S, de Matos José Milton Elias, Ingle Pramod U, Golińska Patrycja, Trzcińska-Wencel Joanna, Gade Aniket K
Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
Front Microbiol. 2025 Jul 31;16:1603728. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1603728. eCollection 2025.
Nanotechnology is pivotal in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, environment, and catalysis. The synthesis of nanomaterials, typically within the 1-100 nm range, can be achieved through physical, chemical, and biological methods. Mycosynthesis, a biological approach, involves using fungi for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Several members of the order Pycnidial fungi have recently been reassigned to families such as and . Pycnidial fungi, including , and , have been reported to mainly synthesize silver and gold NPs, with being the most extensively studied genus. In the present review, keen attention is given to the mechanism of NP synthesis using different members of pycnidial group. The mechanism proceeds through the preparation of a cell-free extract, followed by its treatment with metal precursor salts in the solution. The synthesis of silver or gold NPs occurs the process of reduction of metal ions into respective NPs by various secondary metabolites present in the fungal secretions. This review focuses on the role of pycnidial fungi in synthesizing various NPs, explores the underlying mechanisms, and highlights their significant applications in medicine, the environment, industry, and agriculture. The NPs synthesized from pycnidial fungi are multiplexed for various applications like antimicrobial agents, free radical scavengers, hallmarks for DNA disintegration in cancerous cells, as a potential drug delivery system, as a catalyst, and many more. Although several reports document the role of pycnidial fungi in nanoparticle (NP) synthesis, the precise molecular mechanism underlying NP synthesis still needs to be unraveled before considering their commercial use as microbial factories for biogenic NP production. In addition, the critical challenges in NP synthesis by pycnidial fungi are discussed.
纳米技术在包括医学、农业、环境和催化等各个领域都至关重要。纳米材料的合成通常在1-100纳米范围内，可通过物理、化学和生物方法实现。真菌合成是一种生物方法，涉及利用真菌进行纳米颗粒（NP）的合成。球壳孢目真菌的几个成员最近被重新归类到诸如……等科。据报道，球壳孢目真菌，包括……等，主要合成银和金纳米颗粒，其中……是研究最广泛的属。在本综述中，我们密切关注使用球壳孢目不同成员进行纳米颗粒合成的机制。该机制首先制备无细胞提取物，然后在溶液中用金属前体盐对其进行处理。银或金纳米颗粒的合成发生在真菌分泌物中存在的各种次生代谢产物将金属离子还原为各自纳米颗粒的过程中。本综述重点关注球壳孢目真菌在合成各种纳米颗粒中的作用，探索其潜在机制，并突出它们在医学、环境、工业和农业中的重要应用。由球壳孢目真菌合成的纳米颗粒被用于多种应用，如抗菌剂、自由基清除剂、癌细胞中DNA分解的标志物、潜在的药物递送系统、催化剂等等。尽管有几份报告记录了球壳孢目真菌在纳米颗粒（NP）合成中的作用，但在将其作为生物源纳米颗粒生产的微生物工厂进行商业应用之前，纳米颗粒合成背后的确切分子机制仍有待阐明。此外，还讨论了球壳孢目真菌合成纳米颗粒中的关键挑战。
