Torrisi Dawn M, Campler Magnus R, Park Janice Y, Cheng Ting-Yu, Youngblood Brad L, Resende Talita P, Cressman Michael D, Kieffer Justin D, Arruda Andréia G, Bowman Andrew S
Office of the Attending Veterinarian, Enterprise for Research, Innovation and Knowledge, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2025 Aug 18;20(8):e0328073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0328073. eCollection 2025.
Currently, the swine industry is lacking an efficient method for large-scale emergency depopulation. Class A water-based foam (WBF) has been demonstrated as a viable option for large-scale depopulation of pigs in all stages of development. However, these studies exclusively used the PHOS-CHEK WD881 (WD881) Class A foam concentrate based on previously demonstrated efficacy for depopulation. This study investigated the suitability of 15 other commercially available WBF concentrates for depopulation based on foaming performance, physiological effects, and efficacy. The performance of each product was evaluated and compared to WD881 at 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% water-foam concentrations for low- and high-pressure pump systems. The time to fill an 11.5 m3 construction container and decay rate over a 10-minute dwell time were assessed for each WBF. Top-performing foams were further evaluated for behavior and short-term physiological changes and gross lesions during a 15-minute exposure test on piglets. Finally, the top-performing foams were tested for their suitability to depopulate adult swine during large-scale field conditions. Subcutaneous dataloggers recorded swine activity which was used to estimate the time to cessation of movement (COM), an approximate analog for loss of consciousness. Four WBF concentrates (FireIce Polar EcoFoam, Buckeye Platinum, National Foams Knockdown and BioFor N) were shortlisted based on performance at 1% concentration. These products had a mean (±SD) fill time of 62.4s (± 14.9) and decay rate of 0.5 (± 0.66) cm/min compared to WD881 with 50.0s (± 3.5) and 0.2 (± 0.1) cm/min, respectively. No differences between treatment groups were observed during the exposure testing and subsequent necropsy. For the large-scale field trials, the mean (±SE) time to COM was 151.5 s (±10.5). All foams achieved 100% mortality of swine. This study identified four additional WBFs suitable for swine depopulation which are commercially available on the U.S market. These additional WBF options may facilitate large-scale swine depopulation during widespread infectious disease outbreaks by mitigating potential bottlenecks resulting from product availability.
目前，养猪业缺乏一种高效的大规模紧急扑杀方法。A类水基泡沫（WBF）已被证明是一种可行的选择，可用于各个发育阶段猪的大规模扑杀。然而，这些研究仅使用了基于先前已证明的扑杀效果的PHOS-CHEK WD881（WD881）A类泡沫浓缩液。本研究基于发泡性能、生理效应和效果，调查了其他15种市售WBF浓缩液用于扑杀的适用性。评估了每种产品的性能，并在0.5%、1.0%和3.0%的水-泡沫浓度下，将其与WD881在低压和高压泵系统中的性能进行了比较。评估了每种WBF填充一个11.5立方米建筑容器的时间以及在10分钟停留时间内的衰减率。在对仔猪进行的15分钟暴露试验中，对性能最佳的泡沫的行为、短期生理变化和大体病变进行了进一步评估。最后，在大规模现场条件下，对性能最佳的泡沫用于成年猪扑杀的适用性进行了测试。皮下数据记录器记录猪的活动，用于估计停止移动（COM）的时间，这是意识丧失的近似模拟指标。基于1%浓度下的性能，四种WBF浓缩液（FireIce Polar EcoFoam、Buckeye Platinum、National Foams Knockdown和BioFor N）入围。与WD881分别为50.0秒（±3.5）和0.2（±0.1）厘米/分钟相比，这些产品的平均（±标准差）填充时间为62.4秒（±14.9），衰减率为0.5（±0.66）厘米/分钟。在暴露试验和随后的尸检过程中，未观察到各治疗组之间存在差异。对于大规模现场试验，COM平均（±标准误）时间为151.5秒（±10.5）。所有泡沫均使猪达到100%死亡率。本研究确定了另外四种适用于猪扑杀的WBF，它们在美国市场上均可买到。这些额外的WBF选项可能通过缓解因产品供应导致的潜在瓶颈，促进在广泛传染病爆发期间的大规模猪扑杀。
