Ji John S, Dominici Francesca, Gouveia Nelson, Kelly Frank J, Neira Maria
Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Nat Med. 2025 Aug 21. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03929-8.
Air pollution, a leading environmental health risk, claims millions of lives yearly, impacting health across the lifespan. Despite widespread acknowledgement of air pollution-related disease burdens, eliminating air pollution remains challenging. Many regions are reliant on fossil fuels or biomass for basic survival, and developed economies striving to reduce air pollution face persistent barriers. Climate change complicates intervention efforts, as rising temperatures and extreme weather (for example, wildfires, dust storms) intensify air pollution. Traditional interventions may falter under worsening climate conditions, requiring integrated mitigation, adaptation and resilient infrastructure to yield environmental and health benefits. In this narrative Review, we evaluate multilevel interventions at the national, community and individual levels, discussing what works and does not work, with illustrative case examples. No single intervention suffices; efficacy depends on context, shaped by enforcement and equity. Integrated strategies are needed to address the root causes of air pollution and mitigate the devastating health impacts.
空气污染是主要的环境健康风险，每年导致数百万人死亡，影响着人们一生的健康。尽管空气污染相关的疾病负担已得到广泛认可，但消除空气污染仍然具有挑战性。许多地区依赖化石燃料或生物质来维持基本生存，而努力减少空气污染的发达经济体也面临着持续的障碍。气候变化使干预措施变得复杂，因为气温上升和极端天气（如野火、沙尘暴）会加剧空气污染。在气候条件恶化的情况下，传统干预措施可能会失效，需要综合的缓解、适应和有韧性的基础设施才能产生环境和健康效益。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们评估了国家、社区和个人层面的多层次干预措施，讨论了哪些措施有效以及哪些无效，并给出了实例。没有单一的干预措施是足够的；效果取决于具体情况，而具体情况又受到执法和公平性的影响。需要综合策略来解决空气污染的根本原因，并减轻其对健康的毁灭性影响。
