蛋白质补充对耐力训练期间身体成分、生理适应和运动表现的影响：一项系统评价和荟萃分析

Effects of protein supplementation on body composition, physiological adaptations, and performance during endurance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

作者信息

Xiao Yang, Deng ZhengWu, Sun Wei, Li JiaYi, Gao WeiFeng

机构信息

School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.

Chinese Volleyball Academy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.

出版信息

Front Nutr. 2025 Aug 7;12:1663860. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1663860. eCollection 2025.

DOI:10.3389/fnut.2025.1663860

PMID:40851900

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12369418/

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of endurance training combined with protein supplementation on body composition, physiological adaptations (aerobic/anaerobic capacity), and performance.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus databases on April 16, 2025, using the keywords "endurance training" and "protein supplementation." Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, and the main effect size of each outcome was summarized using the standard mean difference (SMD), and moderators were explored using subgroup and regression analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 23 randomized cross-over trials involving 1,146 participants were included. The results showed that protein supplementation during endurance training led to a small, nonsignificant increase in lean body mass (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.28;  = 0.07) and a significant improvement in time to exhaustion (TTE) during endurance exercise (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.76;  < 0.01). While the overall impact on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was not significant, subgroup analysis revealed that untrained individuals may experience greater improvements in VO2max with protein supplementation (SMD = 0.21). Although aerobic and anaerobic capacities were assessed, protein supplementation did not lead to significant changes in these outcomes, nor did it significantly affect body weight or body fat.

DISCUSSION

In summary, protein supplementation during endurance training appears to modestly enhance endurance performance (TTE) and may offer small benefits for lean body mass, particularly in untrained individuals. However, it does not significantly affect overall body weight, fat mass, or aerobic/anaerobic capacity in the general population.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

Identifier, CRD420251034453, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/recorddashboard.

摘要

引言

本研究旨在评估耐力训练结合蛋白质补充对身体成分、生理适应性（有氧/无氧能力）和运动表现的长期影响。

方法

于2025年4月16日在Web of Science、PubMed和SPORTDiscus数据库中进行系统检索，使用关键词“耐力训练”和“蛋白质补充”。采用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析，并使用标准平均差（SMD）汇总每个结果的主要效应量，通过亚组分析和回归分析探讨调节因素。

结果

共纳入23项随机交叉试验，涉及1146名参与者。结果表明，耐力训练期间补充蛋白质导致瘦体重略有增加但不显著（SMD = 0.13，95%CI：-0.01, 0.28；P = 0.07），并使耐力运动中的力竭时间（TTE）显著改善（SMD = 0.45, 95%CI：0.15, 0.76；P < 0.01）。虽然对最大摄氧量（VO2max）的总体影响不显著，但亚组分析显示，未受过训练的个体补充蛋白质后VO2max可能有更大改善（SMD = 0.21）。尽管评估了有氧和无氧能力，但补充蛋白质并未导致这些结果有显著变化，也未显著影响体重或体脂。