Khan Afsar, Ran Hong, Saisai Chen, Muhammad Nisar, Abbas Adnan, Yi Zhang, Shah Faheem, Chen Weihua, Xu Dayong
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 China
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University Hofuf Eastern Province AlAhsa-31982 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
RSC Adv. 2025 Aug 8;15(34):28231-28239. doi: 10.1039/d5ra03828f. eCollection 2025 Aug 1.
The catalytic conversion of aniline into azo compounds represents a significant and versatile route in synthetic organic chemistry, with applications spanning dyes, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. This comprehensive review systematically examines recent advances in catalytic strategies for azo bond formation from aniline derivatives, encompassing homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzymatic, and photo-redox catalysis. Key mechanistic pathways, including oxidative coupling, dehydrogenative aromatization, and redox processes, are critically analyzed. The influence of catalyst design (, transition metals, organo-catalysts, nanomaterials) and reaction conditions (solvent, oxidants, temperature) on selectivity and efficiency is discussed. Additionally, the review highlights sustainable approaches, such as aerobic oxidation and visible-light-driven catalysis, aligning with green chemistry principles. Challenges, including substrate scope limitations and scalability, are addressed, along with emerging trends and future prospects for industrial and academic applications. This work aims to serve as a foundational resource for researchers exploring catalytic azo compound synthesis.
将苯胺催化转化为偶氮化合物是合成有机化学中一条重要且通用的途径，其应用涵盖染料、药物和功能材料等领域。这篇综述全面系统地研究了从苯胺衍生物形成偶氮键的催化策略的最新进展，包括均相催化、多相催化、酶催化和光氧化还原催化。对关键的反应机理途径，如氧化偶联、脱氢芳构化和氧化还原过程进行了批判性分析。讨论了催化剂设计（过渡金属、有机催化剂、纳米材料）和反应条件（溶剂、氧化剂、温度）对选择性和效率的影响。此外，该综述强调了与绿色化学原则相符的可持续方法，如有氧氧化和可见光驱动催化。文中还探讨了包括底物范围限制和可扩展性在内的挑战，以及工业和学术应用的新兴趋势和未来前景。这项工作旨在为探索催化偶氮化合物合成的研究人员提供基础资源。
