Khalid Javeria, Temedie-Asogwa Tarilate, Zakeri Marjan, Sansgiry Sujit S
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
Pharmacy (Basel). 2025 Jul 29;13(4):103. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy13040103.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) significantly affect patient safety and healthcare spending worldwide. Hospital pharmacists are uniquely positioned to address ADRs due to their crucial role in medication management. However, underreporting remains a global concern, especially in developing countries, where pharmacovigilance systems are inadequately developed. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to evaluate and compare the knowledge, attitudes, perceived barriers, and facilitators regarding ADR reporting by hospital pharmacists in a developed (US) and a developing (Pakistan) country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a pre-validated questionnaire. The pharmacists, possessing a minimum of one year's hospital experience, were selected via convenience sampling. Out of 151 respondents, included in the final analysis (US: = 51; Pakistan: = 100), the majority were female (62.3%), aged 29-35 years (38%), and possessed a Pharm. D degree (49.7%). The knowledge (US: 6.03 ± 0.27 vs. Pakistan:5.69 ± 0.25, -value = 0.193) and attitude scores (US: 32.02 ± 0.73 vs. Pakistan: 32.63 ± 0.67; -value = 0.379) exhibited no significant differences between the groups. Nonetheless, barriers at both the individual and systemic levels were more pronounced in the developing country. Important facilitators reported were mobile applications for ADR reporting, specialized training, and intuitive reporting tools. In conclusion, we found that pharmacists in both settings exhibit comparable knowledge and positive attitudes towards ADR reporting, though specific contextual barriers are present. Interventions customized to the local hospital infrastructure are crucial for enhancing ADR reporting, particularly in resource-constrained settings.
药物不良反应（ADR）在全球范围内对患者安全和医疗支出产生重大影响。医院药剂师在药物管理中发挥着关键作用，在应对药物不良反应方面具有独特地位。然而，漏报仍是一个全球关注的问题，尤其是在发展中国家，其药物警戒系统发展不完善。因此，这项试点研究旨在评估和比较发达国家（美国）和发展中国家（巴基斯坦）医院药剂师在药物不良反应报告方面的知识、态度、感知障碍和促进因素。使用预先验证的问卷进行了横断面调查。通过便利抽样选择了至少有一年医院工作经验的药剂师。在纳入最终分析的151名受访者中（美国：n = 51；巴基斯坦：n = 100），大多数为女性（62.3%），年龄在29 - 35岁之间（38%），拥有药学博士学位（49.7%）。两组之间的知识得分（美国：6.03 ± 0.27 vs. 巴基斯坦：5.69 ± 0.25，p值 = 0.193）和态度得分（美国：32.02 ± 0.73 vs. 巴基斯坦：32.63 ± 0.67；p值 = 0.379）没有显著差异。尽管如此，发展中国家在个人和系统层面的障碍更为明显。报告的重要促进因素包括用于药物不良反应报告的移动应用程序、专业培训和直观的报告工具。总之，我们发现两种环境下的药剂师在药物不良反应报告方面表现出相当的知识水平和积极态度，尽管存在特定的背景障碍。针对当地医院基础设施定制的干预措施对于加强药物不良反应报告至关重要，特别是在资源有限的环境中。
