Cardoso Beatriz D, Souza Andrews, Nobrega Glauco, Afonso Inês S, Neves Lucas B, Faria Carlos, Ribeiro João, Lima Rui A
Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Aug 13;15(16):1242. doi: 10.3390/nano15161242.
Nanofluids (NFs), consisting of nanoparticles (NPs) suspended in base fluids, have attracted growing interest due to their superior physicochemical properties and multifunctional potential. In this review, conventional and green NF technology aspects, including synthesis routes, formulation, and applications, are discussed. Conventional NFs, involving NPs synthesized using physical and chemical approaches, have improved NP morphology control but are likely to cause environmental and safety concerns. In contrast, green NFs that are plant extract, microorganism, and biogenic waste-based represent a sustainable and biocompatible alternative. The effect of key parameters (e.g., NP size, shape, concentration, dispersion stability, and base fluid properties) on the performance of NFs is critically examined. The review also covers potential applications: in biomedical engineering (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, theranostics, and antimicrobial therapies), in heat transfer (e.g., solar collectors, cooling electronics, nuclear reactors), and precision machining (e.g., lubricants and coolants). Comparative insights regarding green versus conventionally prepared NFs are provided concerning their toxicity, environmental impact, scalability, and functional performance across various applications. Overall, this review highlights the new promise of both green and conventional NFs and provides key opportunities and challenges to guide future developments in this field.
纳米流体（NFs）由悬浮在基础流体中的纳米颗粒（NPs）组成，由于其优异的物理化学性质和多功能潜力而受到越来越多的关注。在这篇综述中，讨论了传统和绿色纳米流体技术的各个方面，包括合成路线、配方和应用。传统的纳米流体涉及使用物理和化学方法合成的纳米颗粒，其对纳米颗粒形态的控制有所改善，但可能会引起环境和安全问题。相比之下，基于植物提取物、微生物和生物源废物的绿色纳米流体是一种可持续且生物相容的替代方案。本文严格审查了关键参数（如纳米颗粒尺寸、形状、浓度、分散稳定性和基础流体性质）对纳米流体性能的影响。该综述还涵盖了潜在应用：在生物医学工程领域（如药物递送、成像、治疗诊断学和抗菌疗法）、传热领域（如太阳能集热器、电子设备冷却、核反应堆）以及精密加工领域（如润滑剂和冷却剂）。针对绿色纳米流体和传统制备的纳米流体，在毒性、环境影响、可扩展性以及各种应用中的功能性能方面提供了对比见解。总体而言，本综述突出了绿色和传统纳米流体的新前景，并提供了关键机遇和挑战，以指导该领域的未来发展。
