Jäschke Meret, Borho Andrea, Morawa Eva, Burkhardt Felicitas, Gibu Lucia Romero, Atal Mojib, Rohleder Nicolas, Jansen Silke, Bendel Petra, Erim Yesim
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
BMC Public Health. 2025 Aug 27;25(1):2953. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-24363-y.
Verbal violence and discrimination are psychological stressors for migrants and increase the likelihood of mental illness. This cross-sectional online survey examined the frequency of occurrences of institutional verbal violence (IVV) and discrimination reported by voluntary migrants and refugees in Germany, as well as their association with mental health.
Adult voluntary migrants and refugees in Germany were recruited for the online survey using snowball and community-based sampling. Measurement instruments included the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 2 (GAD-2), and the self-developed 24-item IVV Questionnaire. Voluntary migrants were compared to refugees and women to men. T-tests for independent samples and multiple linear regression analyses were calculated.
The data of 137 refugees and 388 voluntary migrants in Germany were evaluated. Since living in Germany, migrants experienced IVV most frequently in public transport (53%), immigration offices (53%), medical practices (48%), hospitals (41%), and city council/district offices (38%). Female voluntary migrants experienced IVV significantly more frequently than male voluntary migrants (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences between refugees and voluntary migrants (p = 0.50), nor gender differences among refugees (p = 0.69) in their experiences of IVV. Experiences of discrimination were less than once a year per person. Refugees showed significantly more symptoms of clinical depression than voluntary migrants (p < 0.001), but the frequency of symptoms of generalized anxiety were comparable in both groups (p = 0.08). Being a refugee (β=-0.12; p = 0.02), low life satisfaction (β=-0.26; p < 0.001), frequent experiences of IVV (β = 0.15; p = 0.002) and discrimination (β = 0.23; p < 0.001) showed significant association with increased symptoms of depression. Significant predictors for elevated symptoms of generalized anxiety were low life satisfaction (β=-0.24; p < 0.001), experiences of IVV (β = 0.24; p < 0.001) and discrimination (β = 0.26; p < 0.001), as well as a low sense of belonging to the country of origin (β=-0.09; p = 0.03).
The results show the need for additional action to reduce IVV against migrants, especially in the identified public institutions focusing on immigration offices, health care institutions and city councils/district offices. Training and supervision could be set up for the employees of these institutions as IVV has a negative impact on mental health.
言语暴力和歧视是移民面临的心理压力源，会增加患精神疾病的可能性。这项横断面在线调查研究了德国自愿移民和难民报告的机构言语暴力（IVV）和歧视的发生频率，以及它们与心理健康的关联。
采用滚雪球抽样和基于社区的抽样方法，招募德国成年自愿移民和难民参与在线调查。测量工具包括日常歧视量表（EDS）、患者健康问卷2（PHQ - 2）、广泛性焦虑障碍量表2（GAD - 2）以及自行编制的24项IVV问卷。将自愿移民与难民进行比较，同时也比较了女性与男性。计算独立样本t检验和多元线性回归分析。
对德国137名难民和388名自愿移民的数据进行了评估。自生活在德国以来，移民在公共交通（53%）、移民局（53%）、医疗诊所（48%）、医院（41%）以及市议会/区办公室（38%）中最常遭遇IVV。女性自愿移民遭遇IVV的频率显著高于男性自愿移民（p = 0.018）。在IVV经历方面，难民和自愿移民之间没有显著差异（p = 0.50），难民中也不存在性别差异（p = 0.69）。每人每年遭受歧视的经历少于一次。难民表现出的临床抑郁症状明显多于自愿移民（p < 0.001），但两组广泛性焦虑症状的发生频率相当（p = 0.08）。作为难民（β = -0.12；p = 0.02）、生活满意度低（β = -0.26；p < 0.001）、频繁经历IVV（β = 0.15；p = 0.002）和歧视（β = 0.23；p < 0.001）与抑郁症状增加显著相关。广泛性焦虑症状加重的显著预测因素包括生活满意度低（β = -0.24；p < 0.001）、IVV经历（β = 0.24；p < 0.001）和歧视（β = 0.26；p < 0.001），以及对原籍国的归属感低（β = -0.09；p = 0.03）。
结果表明需要采取更多行动来减少针对移民的IVV，特别是在已确定的重点公共机构，如移民局、医疗保健机构和市议会/区办公室。由于IVV对心理健康有负面影响，可为这些机构的员工开展培训和监督。
