Hydroxylated vs. Carboxylated Nanotubes: Differential Impacts on Fall Armyworm Development, Reproduction, and Population Dynamics.

Carbon nanotubes are promising in agriculture for improving crop resilience and delivering agrochemicals. However, their effects on insect pests, especially chewing pests such as the fall armyworm (), remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated how two types of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes-hydroxylated (MWCNTs-OH) and carboxylated (MWCNTs-COOH), both obtained from Jiangsu Xianfeng Nano (Nanjing, China)-affect the pest's development and reproduction. Using an age-stage two-sex life table approach, we fed larvae diets containing 0.04, 0.4, or 4 mg/g of these nanomaterials. Both types of MWCNTs exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects. At the highest dose (4 mg/g), larval development was significantly prolonged, adult pre-oviposition periods increased, and fecundity (egg production) sharply declined, especially with MWCNTs-OH. Population growth parameters were also suppressed: net reproductive rate (), intrinsic rate of increase (), and finite rate of increase () were reduced at 4 mg/g, particularly with MWCNTs-OH, while mean generation time () was extended with MWCNTs-COOH. Overall, MWCNTs-OH demonstrated a greater inhibitory impact compared to MWCNTs-COOH. These findings suggest that functionalized MWCNTs could serve as potential novel pest control agents against by impeding its development and reproduction.