Genetic Variants Influencing Individual Vitamin D Status.

Vitamin D (VD) plays a critical role in human health, with deficiencies linked to a range of adverse outcomes, including compromised immune function and increased disease risk. While environmental factors such as sunlight exposure and diet influence circulating VD levels, genetic variation is a significant and underappreciated contributor to interindividual differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. This review provides a comprehensive summary of genetic variants in key genes involved in VD synthesis (e.g., , , ), transport (), and metabolism (, ), as well as in cholesterol transport proteins (, , ). We examine how single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and rare mutations in these genes affect enzyme activity, VD bioavailability, and overall 25(OH)D status. Importantly, we highlight evidence supporting gene-by-environment interactions and population-specific allele frequencies that further shape individual VD responses. In the context of clinical nutrition and precision health, these findings support the development of genomic risk scores (GRSs) to identify individuals at risk for deficiency or toxicity and guide personalized VD supplementation strategies. Regular monitoring of serum 25(OH)D alongside genetic screening may improve clinical outcomes by helping to achieve optimal VD immunosufficiency while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.