Association Between ABO Blood Groups and SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, Spike Protein Mutations, and Thrombotic Events in COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 is associated with coagulopathy and increased mortality. The ABO blood group system has been implicated in modulating susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity, but its relationship with viral RNAemia, spike gene mutations, and thrombosis remains underexplored.

METHODS

We analyzed 446 hospitalized COVID-19 patients between 2021 and 2022. SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia was assessed via RT-qPCR on whole blood, and spike gene mutations were identified through whole-genome sequencing in RNAemia-positive samples. ABO blood groups were determined by agglutination testing, and thrombotic events were evaluated using coagulation markers. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with significance set at < 0.05.

RESULTS

RNAemia was detected in 26.9% of patients, with no significant association with ABO blood group ( = 0.175). Omicron was the predominant variant, especially in blood group A (62.5%). The N501Y mutation was the most prevalent in group O (53.2%), and K417N was most prevalent in group B (36.9%), though neither reached statistical significance. Thrombotic events were significantly more common in blood group A (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4, = 0.002), particularly among RNAemia-positive patients.

CONCLUSIONS

ABO blood group phenotypes, particularly group A, may influence thrombotic risk in the context of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia. While no direct association was found between blood group and RNAemia or spike mutations, the observed trends suggest potential host-pathogen interactions. Integrating ABO typing and RNAemia screening may enhance risk stratification and guide targeted thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 patients.