Muir Rachel Q, Xu Jiaojiao, Medcalf Alexandra D, Pluznick Jennifer L
Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; email:
Annu Rev Physiol. 2025 Sep 2. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-050724-022450.
Sex differences in blood pressure are evident from puberty through menopause, with premenopausal females exhibiting lower blood pressure than males. This review discusses key factors contributing to sex differences in blood pressure, focusing on the normotensive state. Key contributions from a number of systems are discussed, including cardiovascular and renal function, oxidative stress, immune cell involvement, the microbiome, and the roles of the nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Additionally, we highlight novel advances in the field, including findings related to the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), Klotho, olfactory receptor 558 (OLFR558), and the four-core genotype (FCG) model. Insights from clinical data and their implications for hypertension management are also considered. In sum, this review aims to integrate current knowledge on sex differences in blood pressure regulation to inform future research and clinical care.
从青春期到更年期，血压的性别差异都很明显，绝经前女性的血压低于男性。本综述讨论了导致血压性别差异的关键因素，重点关注血压正常状态。文中讨论了多个系统的关键作用，包括心血管和肾脏功能、氧化应激、免疫细胞参与、微生物群以及神经系统和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的作用。此外，我们强调了该领域的新进展，包括与G蛋白偶联雌激素受体（GPER）、Klotho、嗅觉受体558（OLFR558）和四核心基因型（FCG）模型相关的研究结果。还考虑了临床数据的见解及其对高血压管理的影响。总之，本综述旨在整合当前关于血压调节性别差异的知识，为未来的研究和临床护理提供参考。
