Bera Rupam, Pathak Shivam, Srivastava Pradhi, Ghosh Maitrayee, Sharma Anjana, Ahmed Noor Zaheer, Karwasra Ritu, Akram Usama, Kumar Pawan, Sharma Bhupesh, Sharma Nitin
Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida 201306, India.
Int J Pharm X. 2025 Aug 21;10:100377. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100377. eCollection 2025 Dec.
Intestinal inflammation particularly inflammatory bowel disease poses significant clinical challenges due to its chronic nature, limited treatment efficacy and adverse effects of conventional therapies like corticosteroids and biologics. Biomimetic nanocarriers have emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome these limitations by leveraging natural cell membranes for targeted drug delivery. This review critically examines the application of biomimetic nanocarriers as precision therapeutics for intestinal inflammation. We discuss key fabrication techniques including extrusion, sonication and microfluidics used to coat synthetic nanocarriers with membranes derived from several biological sources such as macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, stem cells and bacteria. These biomimetic coatings exploit inherent biological functions such as immune evasion, receptor-mediated binding to inflamed endothelium and responsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. Preclinical studies demonstrate that biomimetic nanocarriers effectively suppress pro-inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, NLRP3, sequester cytokines, promote mucosal healing and restore gut microbiota balance while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite promising outcomes in animal models, clinical translation faces hurdles in membrane isolation standardization, long-term biosafety, and regulatory alignment. Future advancements require interdisciplinary efforts to optimize pharmacokinetics, enhance tissue-specific targeting, and integrate personalized designs. Biomimetic nanocarriers represent a paradigm shift toward disease-modifying therapies, offering potential for sustained remission in intestinal inflammation management.
肠道炎症，尤其是炎症性肠病，由于其慢性本质、有限的治疗效果以及传统疗法（如皮质类固醇和生物制剂）的不良反应，带来了重大的临床挑战。仿生纳米载体已成为一种变革性策略，通过利用天然细胞膜进行靶向药物递送，来克服这些局限性。本综述批判性地审视了仿生纳米载体作为肠道炎症精准治疗方法的应用。我们讨论了关键的制备技术，包括挤出法、超声法和微流控技术，这些技术用于用源自巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板、干细胞和细菌等多种生物来源的膜包裹合成纳米载体。这些仿生涂层利用了诸如免疫逃避、受体介导的与炎症内皮细胞结合以及对炎症刺激的反应性等固有生物学功能。临床前研究表明，仿生纳米载体能有效抑制NF-κB、NLRP3等促炎途径，隔离细胞因子，促进黏膜愈合并恢复肠道微生物群平衡，同时将全身毒性降至最低。尽管在动物模型中取得了有前景的结果，但临床转化在膜分离标准化、长期生物安全性和监管一致性方面面临障碍。未来的进展需要跨学科努力，以优化药代动力学、增强组织特异性靶向并整合个性化设计。仿生纳米载体代表了向疾病改善疗法的范式转变，为肠道炎症管理中的持续缓解提供了潜力。
