Free and encapsulated stem cells for skin regeneration.

Optimal skin healing is a sophisticated, coordinated process involving cellular and molecular interactions. Disruptions in this process can result in chronic wounds, necessitating medical intervention, particularly when the damage surpasses the body's regenerative capabilities. In response, novel therapies, especially tissue engineering and stem cell treatments, have been devised to restore tissue architecture and maximum functionality. Stem cells, which can differentiate into diverse cell types and regulate immune responses, hold significant potential for wound healing. Research demonstrates that integrating stem cells with scaffolds expedites this process, with numerous therapies advancing from laboratory studies to clinical trials. This review examines fundamental principles, classifications of stem cells, mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and challenges associated with stem cell encapsulation in wound healing.