Continuous-flow-enabled intensification in nitration processes: a review of technological developments and practical applications over the past decade.

Flow chemistry technology has demonstrated significant potential in advancing the green transformation of the chemical industry while enhancing inherent process safety. Safety, cost-effectiveness, and operational efficiency serve as pivotal drivers for advancing flow chemistry in nitration processes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the continuous-flow nitration technology - a process historically recognized as one of the most hazardous industrial operations - focusing on its technological advancements in process design, reaction kinetics characterization, and practical implementation over the past decade. Detailed discussions encompass system configuration strategies, critical process parameters and operating ranges, performance evaluation metrics, universal methodologies for kinetics analysis, safety assessment protocols, and scale-up approaches. The presented content aims to offer actionable guidance for researchers and engineers engaged in the development of continuous-flow nitration systems.