The potential regulation mechanism of lily extracts responds to AAPH induced oxidative stress in zebrafish.

This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and molecular mechanisms of lily bulb polyphenols using zebrafish () embryos subjected to AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Two extraction methods-cold (CE) and hot (HE) water extraction-were compared. HE exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content (31 ± 4 %,  < 0.05) and polyphenol abundance (9.8 ± 0.6-fold increase,  < 0.05), particularly regaloside A and coumaric acid, than CE. Heat-assisted extraction of lily bulbs liberated more polyphenols (both in terms of content and variety), which translated into measurably greater antioxidant protection in vivo. In vivo assays revealed that both extracts improved embryo survival, restored SOD activity, and reduced ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death, with HE demonstrating superior efficacy. Mechanistically, regaloside A and coumaric acid reversed AAPH-induced dysregulation of key oxidative stress-related genes. Specifically, they downregulated , , , and expression while restoring , , and levels, indicating modulation of Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways. The data support the hypothesis that heating increases polyphenol yield and that lily polyphenols exert antioxidant effects via the stated pathways. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for developing lily-based antioxidant ingredients for functional foods.