Bale P, Rowell S, Colley E
J Sports Sci. 1985 Summer;3(2):115-26. doi: 10.1080/02640418508729741.
The purpose of this study was to determine how female marathon runners of varying standards differed in body composition and physique and in their training regimes, and secondly to develop predictors of distance running performance from the anthropometric and training variables. Female marathon runners (n = 36), all participants in a national 10 mile (16 km) road racing championship, were divided into three groups according to their best time for the 26.2 mile race. They were assessed for body composition and somatotype using anthropometric techniques and completed a questionnaire about their current training for the marathon. No difference was found between the groups of distance runners when measured for height, bone widths and circumferences. The three groups were found to have similar body weights of approximately 53 kg, a value which is much lower than the average for sedentary women, but which compares favourably with those from previous studies of female long distance runners. While all the runners had a lower per cent fat, as measured from skinfold thicknesses, than sedentary women, the elite runners were seen to have significantly lower values (P less than 0.05) than the other two groups. The difference in body fat was particularly reflected in the triceps skinfold value. There was also a tendency for the elite runners to be more ectomorphic and less endomorphic than the others. The better runners were seen, on the whole, to have been running longer, and to have more strenuous regimes, both in terms of intensity of training and distance run per week. Multiple regression and discriminant function analyses indicated that the number of training sessions per week and the number of years training were the best predictors of competitive performance at both 10 mile and marathon distances. They also indicated that a female long distance runner with a slim physique high in ectomorphy has the greatest potential for success.
本研究的目的，一是确定不同水平的女子马拉松运动员在身体成分、体格及训练方式上有何差异，二是根据人体测量和训练变量得出长跑成绩的预测指标。参加全国10英里（16公里）公路赛锦标赛的所有女子马拉松运动员（n = 36），根据她们26.2英里比赛的最佳成绩被分为三组。使用人体测量技术对她们的身体成分和体型进行评估，并完成一份关于她们当前马拉松训练的问卷。在测量身高、骨骼宽度和周长时，发现长跑运动员组之间没有差异。发现这三组运动员的体重相似，约为53公斤，这个数值远低于久坐女性的平均体重，但与之前对女子长跑运动员的研究结果相比很有利。虽然从皮褶厚度测量来看，所有跑步者的体脂百分比都低于久坐女性，但精英组跑步者的体脂百分比明显低于其他两组（P小于0.05）。体脂差异尤其体现在肱三头肌皮褶值上。精英组跑步者总体上比其他组更具外胚层体型特征，而内胚层体型特征更少。总体而言，成绩较好的跑步者跑步时间更长，训练方式也更严格，无论是训练强度还是每周的跑步距离。多元回归和判别函数分析表明，每周训练次数和训练年限是10英里和马拉松比赛竞技成绩的最佳预测指标。分析还表明，具有高外胚层体型特征的苗条体格的女子长跑运动员取得成功的潜力最大。
