Kopańska Marta, Trojniak Julia
Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
Student Research Club "Reh-Tech", Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
Cells. 2025 Aug 29;14(17):1339. doi: 10.3390/cells14171339.
This critical review synthesizes findings from quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to bridge the gap between systems-level neurophysiology and the underlying cellular pathology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). As a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, ADHD diagnosis is challenged by symptomatic heterogeneity, creating an urgent need for objective biological indicators. Analysis of QEEG data reveals consistent neurophysiological patterns in ADHD, primarily an excess of Theta-band activity and a deficit in Beta-band activity. These findings have led to the proposal of specific biomarkers, such as the Theta/Beta Ratio (TBR), and serve as the basis for neurofeedback interventions aimed at modulating brainwave activity. While not a standalone diagnostic tool, this review posits that QEEG-based biomarkers and Neurofeedback responses are systems-level manifestations of putative cellular and synaptic dysfunctions. By outlining these robust macro-scale patterns, this work provides a conceptual framework intended to guide future molecular and cellular research into the fundamental biology of ADHD.
这篇批判性综述综合了定量脑电图（QEEG）的研究结果，以弥合系统水平神经生理学与注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）潜在细胞病理学之间的差距。作为一种普遍的神经发育障碍，ADHD的诊断因症状异质性而面临挑战，迫切需要客观的生物学指标。对QEEG数据的分析揭示了ADHD中一致的神经生理模式，主要是θ波段活动过多和β波段活动不足。这些发现导致了特定生物标志物的提出，如θ/β比值（TBR），并为旨在调节脑电波活动的神经反馈干预提供了基础。虽然不是独立的诊断工具，但这篇综述认为基于QEEG的生物标志物和神经反馈反应是假定的细胞和突触功能障碍的系统水平表现。通过概述这些稳健的宏观尺度模式，这项工作提供了一个概念框架，旨在指导未来对ADHD基础生物学的分子和细胞研究。
