Mrázková Martina, Sumczynski Daniela, Šenkárová Lenka, Salek Richardos Nikolaos
Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
Nutrients. 2025 Aug 31;17(17):2848. doi: 10.3390/nu17172848.
Foods containing nutraceuticals from the mineral element group are being developed to compensate for the problem of deficiency in billions of people around the world. This research focuses on essential elements of patented cereal-based mixtures to complement the deficiencies of these elements and, at the same time, assesses their safety in terms of toxic elements in the human diet.
The mineral and trace element contents in the mixtures were determined using the ICP-MS method with a subsequent evaluation of the contributions of the mixtures to the essential and toxic reference values based on dietary intakes and exposures for adults at 60, 80 and 100 kg of adult body weight and a portion size of 50 g. The potential health risk was evaluated using a metal pollution index.
The concentrations of minerals and trace elements in the cereal-based mixtures analyzed were as follows: K (up to 4150 µg/g) ≥ P > Mg > Ca > Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Al > Ba (up to 4.40 µg/g) > Sr (up to 480 ng/g) ≥ Ti ≥ Ni > Ce ≥ Co > As ≥ Cs > Ag ≥ Li > Se > Be > Cr > Tl > Pb ≥ Hg > Ho > Cd > Sn (up to 1.12 ng/g). The mixtures contribute significantly to the reference values for Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, and P for adults. Individual dietary exposure values of toxic elements for adults weighing 60 kg decrease in this order: Al (10.1 µg/kg bw/day) > Ni (362 ng/kg bw/day) > As ≥ Pb > Ag > Hg > Cd > and Sn (0.93 ng/kg bw/day).
In terms of Regulation (EU) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on nutrition and health claims made on foods, the cereal-based mixtures could be labelled "source of" Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, and P when their contributions to the reference values exceeded 15%; in addition, "low sodium/salt" or "very low sodium/salt" can be applied. The mixtures contribute insignificantly to the toxic reference values of Al, Sn, Hg, Cd, Ni, and Ag, and the exposure values of Pb for developmental neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular effects were considered safe. Regarding the metal pollution index of mixtures, there is no concern for potential health effects. Cereal-based mixtures are suitable for use in the food industry as a potential source of beneficial micronutrients for the human diet, although bioaccessible studies should not be neglected.
含有矿物元素类营养保健品的食品正在被研发，以弥补全球数十亿人营养缺乏的问题。本研究聚焦于专利谷物基混合物中的必需元素，以补充这些元素的缺乏，同时评估其在人类饮食中有毒元素方面的安全性。
使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定混合物中的矿物质和微量元素含量，随后根据60、80和100千克成年人体重以及50克一份的摄入量和暴露量，评估混合物对成年人必需和有毒参考值的贡献。使用金属污染指数评估潜在健康风险。
所分析的谷物基混合物中矿物质和微量元素的浓度如下：钾（高达4150微克/克）≥磷＞镁＞钙＞钠＞铁＞锌＞锰＞铜＞铝＞钡（高达4.40微克/克）＞锶（高达480纳克/克）≥钛≥镍＞铈≥钴＞砷≥铯＞银≥锂＞硒＞铍＞铬＞铊＞铅≥汞＞钬＞镉＞锡（高达1.12纳克/克）。这些混合物对成年人锰、铜、锌、铁和磷的参考值有显著贡献。体重60千克成年人有毒元素的个体饮食暴露值按此顺序降低：铝（10.1微克/千克体重/天）＞镍（362纳克/千克体重/天）＞砷≥铅＞银＞汞＞镉＞和锡（0.93纳克/千克体重/天）。
根据欧洲议会和理事会关于食品营养与健康声称的（欧盟）第1924/2006号法规，当谷物基混合物对参考值的贡献超过15%时，可标注为锰、铜、锌、铁和磷的“来源”；此外，可标注“低钠/盐”或“极低钠/盐”。这些混合物对铝、锡、汞、镉、镍和银的有毒参考值贡献不大，且铅对发育神经毒性、肾毒性和心血管影响的暴露值被认为是安全的。关于混合物的金属污染指数，不存在潜在健康影响方面的担忧。谷物基混合物适合在食品工业中用作人类饮食中有益微量营养素的潜在来源，不过生物可利用性研究也不应被忽视。
