Carson Mikayla, Leichman Erin S, Mack M Catherine, Rotella Katie, Mindell Jodi A
Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA.
Kenvue Brands LLC, 1 Kenvue Way, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA.
Eur J Pediatr. 2025 Sep 13;184(10):614. doi: 10.1007/s00431-025-06453-6.
The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence and nature of bedtime resistance in toddlers, determine associations between bedtime resistance and sleep parameters, and explore relationships with sleep-related environmental and parenting behaviors. 318 mothers of toddlers (12-36 mos; M = 23.1 mos), including 162 younger toddlers (12-23 mos) and 156 older toddlers (24-36 mos), completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire-Revised (BISQ-R), including questions about bedtime resistance. Overall, 61.3% endorsed bedtime resistance (BR), with no differences in prevalence between younger and older toddlers. Younger toddlers were more likely to cry/tantrum and older toddlers were more likely to engage in a breadth of resistant behaviors. Toddlers with BR had later bedtimes, took twice as long to fall asleep, had decreased sleep consolidation, and shorter nighttime and 24 h sleep duration. In addition, toddlers with reported BR were less likely to fall asleep independently. Finally, mothers were more likely to perceive their BR toddler's sleep to be a problem (54.4% vs. 19.5%).
Over 60% of mothers report that their toddler resists in some way at bedtime. Although there are no differences in the prevalence of bedtime resistance between younger and older toddlers, the behavioral topography of this resistance differed, consistent with language and motoric development. BR is also associated with poorer sleep outcomes and decreased independent sleep. These findings indicate assessment and intervention strategies for bedtime resistance need to be integrated, as well as consideration of the impact of these issues on sleep outcomes and potentially family well-being.
• Anecdotally, bedtime resistance is a common complaint for parents of toddlers.
• Prevalence of bedtime resistance in the current sample was over 60%, and was associated with poorer sleep outcomes and decreased independent sleep. • Behavioral topography of resistance differed across age groups, with younger toddlers more likely to cry/tantrum and older toddlers more likely to engage in a breadth of resistant behaviors.
本研究的目的是调查幼儿就寝抵抗的患病率及性质，确定就寝抵抗与睡眠参数之间的关联，并探索与睡眠相关的环境及育儿行为之间的关系。318名幼儿母亲（12 - 36个月；平均年龄 = 23.1个月），包括162名年龄较小的幼儿（12 - 23个月）和156名年龄较大的幼儿（24 - 36个月），完成了修订版简短婴儿睡眠问卷（BISQ - R），其中包括有关就寝抵抗的问题。总体而言，61.3%的人认可存在就寝抵抗（BR），年龄较小和较大的幼儿在患病率上没有差异。年龄较小的幼儿更可能哭闹/发脾气，而年龄较大的幼儿更可能出现一系列抵抗行为。有BR的幼儿就寝时间更晚，入睡时间延长两倍，睡眠巩固能力下降，夜间睡眠时间和24小时睡眠时间缩短。此外，报告有BR的幼儿更不容易独立入睡。最后，母亲们更有可能认为她们有BR的幼儿的睡眠存在问题（54.4%对19.5%）。
超过60%的母亲报告说她们的幼儿在就寝时有某种程度的抵抗。尽管年龄较小和较大的幼儿在就寝抵抗患病率上没有差异，但这种抵抗的行为表现有所不同，这与语言和运动发育情况一致。BR还与较差的睡眠结果及独立睡眠减少有关。这些发现表明，需要整合针对就寝抵抗的评估和干预策略，同时要考虑这些问题对睡眠结果以及潜在家庭幸福感的影响。
• 据传闻，就寝抵抗是幼儿家长常见的抱怨。
• 当前样本中就寝抵抗的患病率超过60%，且与较差的睡眠结果及独立睡眠减少有关。• 不同年龄组的抵抗行为表现不同，年龄较小的幼儿更可能哭闹/发脾气，年龄较大的幼儿更可能出现一系列抵抗行为。
