Unlocking artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning to combat therapeutic resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a comprehensive review.

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a formidable clinical challenge despite advancements in therapy. This narrative review explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and deep learning in addressing therapeutic resistance in mCRPC. AI-driven approaches leverage integrated datasets encompassing genomics, proteomics and clinical parameters to uncover molecular mechanisms, predict treatment responses and identify biomarkers of resistance. These methodologies promise personalised treatment strategies tailored to individual patient profiles. However, data heterogeneity and regulatory considerations are challenges that hinder the translation of AI insights into clinical practice. By synthesising current literature, this review examines the progress, potential and limitations of AI applications in combating therapeutic resistance in mCRPC, highlighting implications for future research and clinical implementation.