Lauwerys R, Bernard A
Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1985;33(4-5):255-61.
Exposure to chemical agents may be assessed either qualitatively or semi-quantitatively with the help of a questionnaire (type of exposure and duration) or quantitatively either by the measurement of the concentration of the xenobiotics in the environment (ambient monitoring) or by the measurement of biological parameters related to the internal doses (biological monitoring of exposure). In industry, ambient monitoring usually implies the measurement of chemicals in air with static or personal samplers. The internal doses may be assessed either by measuring the chemical or its biotransformation products in biological media or by measuring some biological effects caused by the chemical. Depending on the selected biological parameter and the time of sampling, the result may reflect the amount of chemical recently absorbed, the amount stored in the organism (body burden) or the amount of active metabolites bound to the site of action. The biological parameter of exposure is more directly related to the adverse health effects that one attempts to prevent than any environmental measurement. Biological monitoring may take into consideration absorption by all the routes and from all sources (occupational and environmental), interindividual differences in toxicokinetic and in hygiene habits. The application of a biological test requires the critical evaluation of several factors, namely the sensitivity and the specificity of the test, the precision and the accuracy of the analytical method and eventually ethical aspects.
可借助问卷（接触类型和持续时间）对接触化学制剂的情况进行定性或半定量评估，或者通过测量环境中异生物素的浓度（环境监测）或测量与体内剂量相关的生物学参数（接触的生物监测）进行定量评估。在工业领域，环境监测通常意味着使用静态或个人采样器测量空气中的化学物质。体内剂量可通过测量生物介质中的化学物质或其生物转化产物，或通过测量该化学物质引起的某些生物学效应来评估。根据所选的生物学参数和采样时间，结果可能反映最近吸收的化学物质的量、储存在生物体中的量（体内负荷）或与作用部位结合的活性代谢物的量。与任何环境测量相比，接触的生物学参数与人们试图预防的不良健康影响更直接相关。生物监测可考虑所有途径和所有来源（职业和环境）的吸收情况、毒代动力学和卫生习惯方面的个体差异。应用生物测试需要对几个因素进行严格评估，即测试的敏感性和特异性、分析方法的精密度和准确性以及最终的伦理方面。
