Lauwerys R, Bernard A
Scand J Work Environ Health. 1985 Jun;11(3 Spec No):155-64. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.2238.
Biological monitoring of exposure to an industrial chemical may be defined as the evaluation of the internal dose (internal exposure) by a biological method with the view of assessing the associated health risk. Depending on the biological parameter selected and on the time of sampling, internal dose may mean the amount of chemical recently absorbed, the amount stored in one or several compartments of the organism, or, under ideal conditions, the amount bound to the sites of action. The estimation of the internal dose has usually relied on two categories of tests: those based on the determination of the chemical and/or its metabolites in various biological media (eg, alveolar air, blood, urine) and those based on the quantification of a nonadverse biological effect, the intensity of which is related to the internal dose. Biological tests providing information on the amount of active chemical bound to the critical sites of action (target dose) and noninvasive analytical methods which measure the amount of cumulative toxins stored in certain body compartments (eg, bone, liver, kidney) are currently being developed. The main criteria to be considered in the selection of the most appropriate biological monitoring test of exposure are the specificity of the parameter and its sensitivity with respect to the exposure level, the analytical and biological applicability, the convenience for the workers, the possible risks associated with its application, and, of course, the accuracy of the exposure and/or health risk evaluation. Normally, the biological approach of exposure monitoring is reserved for chemicals which enter the organism and may exert systemic toxic effects. When a biological monitoring test of exposure is applicable, it offers several advantages over ambient air monitoring. A biological parameter reflecting the internal dose is necessarily more closely related to the systemic adverse effect(s) than any environmental measurement. Biological monitoring of exposure integrates the exposure by all routes (pulmonary, oral, and cutaneous) and sources. It may also take into account several factors which determine the uptake and the absorption of the chemical (individual variability, work load, hygiene habits, etc). However, contrary to ambient monitoring, biological monitoring is applicable only when sufficient information has been gathered on the metabolism of the chemical, its toxicity or that of its metabolites, and when some of the relationships between external exposure, internal dose and adverse effects have been assessed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
工业化学品暴露的生物监测可定义为通过生物学方法对内剂量（内部暴露）进行评估，以评估相关的健康风险。根据所选的生物学参数和采样时间，内剂量可能意味着最近吸收的化学物质的量、储存在生物体一个或多个隔室中的量，或者在理想条件下，与作用部位结合的量。内剂量的估算通常依赖于两类测试：一类基于在各种生物介质（如肺泡气、血液、尿液）中测定化学物质及其代谢产物，另一类基于对非有害生物效应的量化，其强度与内剂量相关。目前正在开发能够提供与作用关键部位结合的活性化学物质的量（靶剂量）信息的生物测试以及测量某些身体隔室（如骨骼、肝脏、肾脏）中累积毒素量的非侵入性分析方法。选择最合适的暴露生物监测测试时要考虑的主要标准是参数的特异性及其对暴露水平的敏感性、分析和生物学适用性、对工人的便利性、其应用可能带来的风险，当然还有暴露和/或健康风险评估的准确性。通常，暴露监测的生物学方法适用于进入生物体并可能产生全身毒性作用的化学物质。当适用暴露的生物监测测试时，它比环境空气监测具有几个优势。反映内剂量的生物学参数必然比任何环境测量更紧密地与全身不良反应相关。暴露的生物监测整合了所有途径（肺部、口腔和皮肤）和来源的暴露。它还可以考虑决定化学物质摄取和吸收的几个因素（个体差异、工作量、卫生习惯等）。然而，与环境监测不同，只有在收集到足够的关于化学物质代谢、其毒性或代谢产物毒性的信息，以及评估了外部暴露、内剂量和不良反应之间的一些关系时，生物监测才适用。（摘要截取自400字）
