Yathindra Meenakshi R, Odero Grace O, Govindu Sai Sudhamsh, Sharma Ritwik, Sato Kazuaki, Mettu Tejeet Reddy, Mahorkar Ajinkya Vijay
Internal Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, IND.
Anesthesiology, Coptic Hospital, Nairobi, KEN.
Cureus. 2025 Aug 20;17(8):e90565. doi: 10.7759/cureus.90565. eCollection 2025 Aug.
Background Smoking contributes to myocardial infarction (MI) by causing endothelial damage, accelerating atherosclerosis, and increasing the risk of thrombosis. Given the high prevalence of smoking in the population, assessing its association with MI is essential. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the association between active smoking and MI by assessing its prevalence in smokers versus non-smokers, based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methodology This retrospective, cross-sectional study utilized the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System database. The disease variable was MI, and the risk factor was smoking. Control variables included demographic characteristics (age, gender, and race) and socioeconomic factors (education and income). Data were analyzed using cross-tabulation, with results expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Results The total number of participants involved was 407,126. Among them, 49,504 were reported as smokers, and 357,622 were reported as non-smokers. Participants who reported being current smokers had reported higher odds of reporting having MI compared to non-smokers (8.4% vs. 5.3%, OR = 1.627, CI = 1.571-1.685). This was observed across all age groups, with the highest risk observed in the smokers in the 18-24-year age group (OR = 6.15; 95% CI = 3.926-9.434), and the risk was inversely proportional to age. Gender analysis revealed that the odds of MI in current female smokers were 1.823 (95% CI = 1.724-1.927) compared to 1.464 (95% CI = 1.399-1.532) in their male counterparts. Racial stratification revealed that the smokers who belonged to the non-Hispanic/other racial group had a relatively higher OR of 2.002 (95% CI = 1.826-2.191) when compared to the Black non-Hispanic (OR = 1.737, 95% CI = 1.525-1.976) and white non-Hispanic (OR = 1.579; 95% CI = 1.516-1.645) groups. Regarding socioeconomic factors, smokers with advanced education were more likely to report MI compared to those with basic education, with ORs of 1.685 (95% CI = 1.603-1.771) and 1.324 (95% CI = 1.259-1.393), respectively. Participants earning over $50,000 annually had higher odds of MI among smokers (OR = 1.442; 95% CI = 1.339-1.553) than those earning less than $50,000 annually (OR = 1.333; 95% CI = 1.273-1.396). Conclusions The findings of the study revealed that smoking had a strong association with MI across demographic and socioeconomic groups.
吸烟通过导致内皮损伤、加速动脉粥样硬化和增加血栓形成风险，进而引发心肌梗死（MI）。鉴于人群中吸烟率较高，评估吸烟与心肌梗死之间的关联至关重要。因此，本研究旨在通过基于人口统计学和社会经济特征评估吸烟者与非吸烟者中心肌梗死的患病率，来评估当前吸烟与心肌梗死之间的关联。
这项回顾性横断面研究使用了2022年行为风险因素监测系统数据库。疾病变量为心肌梗死，风险因素为吸烟。控制变量包括人口统计学特征（年龄、性别和种族）和社会经济因素（教育程度和收入）。数据采用交叉表分析，结果以比值比（OR）和置信区间（CI）表示。
参与研究的总人数为407,126人。其中，报告为吸烟者的有49,504人，报告为非吸烟者的有357,622人。与非吸烟者相比，报告当前吸烟的参与者报告患心肌梗死的几率更高（8.4%对5.3%，OR = 1.627，CI = 1.571 - 1.685）。在所有年龄组中均观察到这种情况，18 - 24岁年龄组的吸烟者风险最高（OR = 6.15；95% CI = 3.926 - 9.434），且风险与年龄成反比。性别分析显示，当前女性吸烟者患心肌梗死的几率为1.823（95% CI = 1.724 - 1.927），而男性吸烟者为1.464（95% CI = 1.399 - 1.532）。种族分层显示，与非西班牙裔黑人（OR = 1.737，95% CI = 1.525 - 1.976）和非西班牙裔白人（OR = 1.579；95% CI = 1.516 - 1.645）组相比，属于非西班牙裔/其他种族组的吸烟者OR相对较高，为2.002（95% CI = 1.826 - 2.191）。关于社会经济因素，与接受基础教育的吸烟者相比，接受高等教育的吸烟者更有可能报告患心肌梗死，OR分别为1.685（95% CI = 1.603 - 1.771）和1.324（95% CI = 1.259 - 1.393）。每年收入超过50,000美元的吸烟者患心肌梗死的几率（OR = 1.442；95% CI = 1.339 - 1.553）高于每年收入低于50,000美元的吸烟者（OR = 1.333；95% CI = 1.273 - 1.396）。
研究结果表明，在人口统计学和社会经济群体中，吸烟与心肌梗死有很强的关联。
