Liquid metals power advanced nuclear energy systems.

The development of advanced nuclear energy systems, known for their cleanliness and sustainability, is a key strategy for achieving a low-carbon energy transition. Liquid metal (LM)-powered advanced nuclear energy systems demonstrate sustainability and environmental friendliness, as well as being irreplaceable in specific areas. This paper charts a comprehensive scene of applications, challenges, and prospects of LMs in advanced nuclear energy (fusion and fission). First, next-generation fission reactors that use LM coolants, such as sodium or lead, are currently under design and construction. However, the coupling mechanisms of multiphase and multiphysics interactions remain unresolved due to various challenges, including corrosion and lead-water interactions. Second, the exploration of new LM-cooled reactors should emphasize sustainable development while ensuring basic performance. Lastly, the unique properties of LMs, including efficient energy transport and tritium breeding, position them as crucial materials in fusion system design. However, surface characteristics and the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect remain major technical challenges. LMs have already left their mark in nuclear energy and are expected to be an effective solution to overcoming the energy crisis.