Kania Michał, Drab Zuzanna, Dąbrowska Michalina, Samborowska Emilia, Żeber-Lubecka Natalia, Kulecka Maria, Klupa Tomasz, Gregorczyk-Maga Iwona
Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155, Krakow, Poland.
Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 25;15(1):32781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16690-2.
People with type 1 diabetes (PwT1D) are at higher risk of developing periodontal diseases. We investigated the impact of dietary habits on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) microbiome and metabolome in PwT1D. The oral and periodontal examination was performed and GCF sampled. Genomic DNA was extracted, bacterial 16S rRNA sequenced and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine derivatives determined. Pro-healthy (pHDI) and non-healthy diet indices (nHDI) were calculated using the validated Questionnaire of Eating Behaviours. In total, 110 participants were included (mean age 27.1 ± 6.0 years, 60.0% male). In 65 PwT1D, the mean duration of diabetes was 15.5 ± 8.4 years and mean Hba1c% 6.97 ± 0.95% (53 ± 2.2 mmol/mmol). 22 cases of mild gingivitis (G) were identified, all in the T1D group. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of pHDI categories between study groups (T1D with G, low 19 [86.4%] and moderate 3 [13.6%]; T1D without G, low 28 [66.7%] and moderate 14 [45.2%]; control, low 30 [68.2%], moderate 14 [31.8%]; p = 0.213). GCF microbiome composition did not differ between pHDI categories. In PwT1D and G caproic acid was higher in low vs. moderate pHDI category (3.5 [0.9-4.9] vs. 0.64 [0.49-NA] umol/l, p = 0.04). In people with T1D without G, isocaproic acid and glycerophosphorylcholine were lower in low vs. moderate pHDI category (0.14 [0.13-0.46] vs. 0.45 [0.18-1.24] umol/l, p = 0.032, and 71.23 [32.83-120.40] vs. 129.8 [70.5-228.1] ng/ml, p = 0.013). This was the first study to report on the impact of diet on GCF in PwT1D. The state of periodontal tissues was worse in people with T1D, overweight and with a worse quality diet. Alterations in the concentrations of selected GCF metabolites suggest an indirect association between the quality of diet and contents of pro-healthy and non-healthy products on the state of periodontium.
1型糖尿病患者（PwT1D）患牙周疾病的风险更高。我们研究了饮食习惯对PwT1D患者龈沟液（GCF）微生物组和代谢组的影响。进行了口腔和牙周检查并采集了GCF样本。提取基因组DNA，对细菌16S rRNA进行测序，并测定短链脂肪酸和三甲胺衍生物的浓度。使用经过验证的饮食行为问卷计算健康促进（pHDI）和非健康饮食指数（nHDI）。总共纳入了110名参与者（平均年龄27.1±6.0岁，60.0%为男性）。在65名PwT1D患者中，糖尿病平均病程为15.5±8.4年，平均糖化血红蛋白（Hba1c）为6.97±0.95%（53±2.2 mmol/mmol）。共识别出22例轻度牙龈炎（G）患者，均在T1D组。研究组之间pHDI类别频率无显著差异（T1D合并G组，低水平19例[86.4%]，中等水平3例[13.6%]；T1D无G组，低水平28例[66.7%]，中等水平14例[45.2%]；对照组，低水平30例[68.2%]，中等水平14例[31.8%]；p = 0.213）。pHDI类别之间GCF微生物组组成无差异。在PwT1D和G患者中，低pHDI类别中的己酸高于中等pHDI类别（3.5[0.9 - 4.9] vs. 0.64[0.49 - NA] μmol/l，p = 0.04）。在无G的T1D患者中，低pHDI类别中的异己酸和甘油磷酰胆碱低于中等pHDI类别（0.14[0.13 - 0.46] vs. 0.45[0.18 - 1.24] μmol/l，p = 0.032，以及71.23[32.83 - 120.40] vs. 129.8[70.5 - 228.1] ng/ml，p = 0.013）。这是第一项报道饮食对PwT1D患者GCF影响的研究。T1D患者、超重患者以及饮食质量较差的患者牙周组织状况更差。所选GCF代谢物浓度的变化表明饮食质量与促进健康和非健康产品含量对牙周状态之间存在间接关联。
