Di Spirito Federica, Folliero Veronica, Di Palo Maria Pia, De Benedetto Giuseppina, Aulisio Leonardo, Martina Stefano, Rinaldi Luca, Franci Gianluigi
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
J Funct Biomater. 2025 Sep 6;16(9):332. doi: 10.3390/jfb16090332.
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as increasing environmental and public health concerns. Dentistry contributes to this exposure through polymer-based materials and personal oral care products. This review summarizes the current evidence on the sources, release mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and toxicological and biological effects of MNPs derived from dental sources and oral care products, as well as the synergistic effects of MNP oral exposure with environmental exposure.
An electronic search was performed across the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify studies investigating the source, release mechanisms, physico/chemical properties, and toxicological/biological impact of MNPs related to dental materials, oral care products, and the synergic effects of MNPs oral and environmental exposure.
MNPs are released in the dental setting from resin-based composites, clear aligners, and prosthetic and impression materials through degradation, wear, and handling processes. Home-use products like toothpastes, toothbrushes, floss, and mouthwashes contribute to chronic oral exposure. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and human biomonitoring studies supports the biological activity and systemic distribution of MNPs. Despite this, clinical awareness remains limited, and regulatory oversight insufficient.
Dentistry is both a source and vector of MNP exposure. Encouraging the use of safer, MNP-free materials, and raising awareness among dental professionals, may support more responsible and health-conscious practices. Further research and alignment with global policy strategies could help guide future innovation and risk mitigation in the dental field.
微塑料和纳米塑料（MNPs）已引发越来越多的环境和公共卫生问题。牙科通过聚合物基材料和个人口腔护理产品导致了这种暴露。本综述总结了目前关于源自牙科材料和口腔护理产品的MNPs的来源、释放机制、物理化学性质、毒理学和生物学效应，以及MNPs口腔暴露与环境暴露的协同效应的证据。
在PubMed/MEDLINE、Scopus和Web of Science数据库中进行了电子检索，以确定研究MNPs与牙科材料、口腔护理产品相关的来源、释放机制、物理/化学性质以及毒理学/生物学影响，以及MNPs口腔暴露与环境暴露协同效应的研究。
在牙科环境中，基于树脂的复合材料、透明矫治器、修复和印模材料通过降解、磨损和处理过程释放MNPs。牙膏、牙刷、牙线和漱口水等家用产品会导致慢性口腔暴露。体外、体内和人体生物监测研究的证据支持了MNPs的生物活性和全身分布。尽管如此，临床意识仍然有限，监管监督也不足。
牙科既是MNPs暴露的来源，也是传播途径。鼓励使用更安全、无MNPs的材料，并提高牙科专业人员的意识，可能有助于支持更负责任和注重健康的做法。进一步的研究以及与全球政策战略的协调一致，有助于指导牙科领域未来的创新和风险缓解。
