Liu Xiumei, Zhao Yancheng, Ke Han, Cui Cuiju, Feng Yanwei, Sun Guohua, Xu Xiaohui, Wang Qiang, Li Zan, Wang Weijun, Yang Jianmin
College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
Biology (Basel). 2025 Aug 25;14(9):1121. doi: 10.3390/biology14091121.
Ammonia is a common toxic pollutant in aquaculture environments that poses significant threats to the health, growth, and survival of aquatic organisms. This study investigates the physiological and molecular responses of triploid to ammonia exposure, focusing on the activation and regulation of oxidative stress and immune-related pathways. By integrating histological observations, biochemical assays, and transcriptomic analysis, we systematically revealed the oxidative stress and immune regulatory mechanisms in the hepatopancreas of triploid under ammonia exposure. Results showed significant tissue damage in the hepatopancreas, disrupted activities of key antioxidant enzymes including SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, along with elevated MDA levels, indicating oxidative damage to cellular membrane lipids. Transcriptomic data further indicated significant activation of the glutathione metabolism pathway, with antioxidant genes such as and displaying a dynamic pattern of initial upregulation followed by downregulation, suggesting their critical roles in modulating oxidative stress responses and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Immunologically, ammonia exposure significantly activated lysosomal and phagosomal pathways, as well as multiple signaling cascades including FOXO, mTOR, and PI3K-Akt. Several key immune regulatory genes exhibited dynamic expression changes, reflecting coordinated regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and energy metabolism to maintain immune defense and cellular homeostasis. Notably, dynamic expression of the gene family in the FOXO signaling pathway underscores the important role of triploid in mounting stress responses and adaptive immune regulation under ammonia toxicity. This study provides in-depth molecular insights into the integrated response mechanisms of triploid oysters to ammonia exposure, offering a molecular foundation for understanding bivalve adaptation to ammonia and revealing novel perspectives on molluscan ammonia tolerance.
氨是水产养殖环境中一种常见的有毒污染物，对水生生物的健康、生长和生存构成重大威胁。本研究调查了三倍体对氨暴露的生理和分子反应，重点关注氧化应激和免疫相关途径的激活与调节。通过整合组织学观察、生化分析和转录组分析，我们系统地揭示了三倍体在氨暴露下肝胰腺中的氧化应激和免疫调节机制。结果显示肝胰腺出现明显的组织损伤，包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）等关键抗氧化酶的活性受到破坏，同时丙二醛（MDA）水平升高，表明细胞膜脂质受到氧化损伤。转录组数据进一步表明谷胱甘肽代谢途径显著激活，抗氧化基因如[具体基因]和[具体基因]呈现出先上调后下调的动态模式，表明它们在调节氧化应激反应和维持细胞内稳态中起关键作用。在免疫方面，氨暴露显著激活了溶酶体和吞噬体途径，以及包括FOXO、mTOR和PI3K-Akt在内的多个信号级联反应。几个关键的免疫调节基因表现出动态表达变化，反映了细胞凋亡、自噬和能量代谢的协同调节，以维持免疫防御和细胞内稳态。值得注意的是，FOXO信号通路中[基因家族]基因家族的动态表达强调了三倍体在氨毒性下应激反应和适应性免疫调节中的重要作用。本研究为三倍体牡蛎对氨暴露的综合反应机制提供了深入的分子见解，为理解双壳贝类对氨的适应性提供了分子基础，并揭示了软体动物氨耐受性的新视角。
