The High-Risk Model of Threat Perception Modulates Learning of Placebo and Nocebo Effects and Functional Somatic Disorders.

Threat activation or deactivation in the brain-body is associated with nocebo or placebo induced by medical-surgical procedures. Some originate as nocebo and can become 30-50% of presentations to primary care physicians. Patients with FSD medical-surgical services, despite the and are at risk for from . The Conditioned Response Model () of postulates three mechanisms, by , which drive placebo and nocebo and FSD. The High Risk Model of Threat Perception postulates that , driving . and the of and are postulated to , . a large (N = 6,891) sample of patients with . A total of 50% of patients with with chronic pain (n = 224) had a ) during experimental induction. The HRMTP predicts that PTI associated with is associated with the . This prediction was confirmed. Learning predicts that activation by can nocebo and FSD and can placebo effects in clinician-patient relationships. Identifying that enables the diagnosis of FSD by and not simply by .