Mokhtari Reza Bayat, Sambi Manpreet, Shekari Faezeh, Satari Kosar, Ghafoury Roya, Ashayeri Neda, Eversole Paige, Baluch Narges, Harless William W, Muscarella Lucia Anna, Yeger Herman, Das Bikul, Szewczuk Myron R, Chakraborty Sayan
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, 265 Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Program of Developmental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
Biomolecules. 2025 Sep 10;15(9):1304. doi: 10.3390/biom15091304.
Cancer remains a major cause of mortality worldwide, driving ongoing innovation in therapeutic strategies. Immunotherapy has transformed cancer care by leveraging the immune system to target tumors, but its effectiveness is limited by tumor heterogeneity, immune resistance, and unpredictable toxicities. Moreover, the absence of robust biomarkers to predict therapeutic response and manage adverse effects remains a significant challenge. Recent advances in biomarker discovery, including liquid biopsy technologies and gut microbiota profiling, are enhancing the precision of immunotherapy and enabling more personalized cancer management. Here, we present a Comprehensive Oncological Biomarker Framework that integrates genetic and molecular testing, imaging, histopathology, multi-omics, and liquid biopsy to generate a molecular fingerprint for each patient. This holistic approach supports individualized diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, and response monitoring. Incorporating emerging biomarkers, such as microbiome signatures, further refines patient stratification, guiding the optimization of therapy. By uniting molecular insights with clinical and social factors, this framework aims to address tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion, ultimately improving patient outcomes through precision oncology.
癌症仍然是全球主要的死亡原因，推动着治疗策略的不断创新。免疫疗法通过利用免疫系统靶向肿瘤改变了癌症治疗方式，但其有效性受到肿瘤异质性、免疫抗性和不可预测的毒性的限制。此外，缺乏强大的生物标志物来预测治疗反应和管理不良反应仍然是一项重大挑战。生物标志物发现方面的最新进展，包括液体活检技术和肠道微生物群分析，正在提高免疫疗法的精准度，并实现更个性化的癌症管理。在此，我们提出了一个综合肿瘤生物标志物框架，该框架整合了基因和分子检测、成像、组织病理学、多组学和液体活检，为每位患者生成分子指纹。这种整体方法支持个性化诊断、预后评估、治疗选择和反应监测。纳入新兴生物标志物，如微生物组特征，进一步优化患者分层，指导治疗优化。通过将分子见解与临床和社会因素相结合，该框架旨在解决肿瘤异质性和免疫逃逸问题，最终通过精准肿瘤学改善患者预后。
