Poljšak Borut, Jamnik Polona, Milisav Irina
Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Sep 3;14(9):1083. doi: 10.3390/antiox14091083.
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of antioxidant defense system, which disrupts redox signaling and causes molecular damage. While there are numerous methods to measure oxidative stress, the complex and dynamic nature of ROS production and antioxidant reactions requires a multi-faceted approach. Direct methods such as electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescent probes measure ROS directly but are limited by the short lifespan of certain species. Indirect methods such as lipid peroxidation markers (e.g., malondialdehyde, MDA), protein oxidation (e.g., carbonyl content), and DNA damage (e.g., 8-oxo-dG) provide information on oxidative damage, but they do not capture the real-time dynamics of ROS. The antioxidant defense system, which includes enzymatic components such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), further complicates assessment, as it responds dynamically to oxidative challenges. Furthermore, the compartmentalized nature of ROS production in organelles and tissues coupled with the temporal variability of oxidative damage and repair underscores the need to integrate multiple assessment methods. This commentary highlights the limitations of using single assays and emphasizes the importance of combining complementary techniques to achieve a comprehensive assessment of oxidative stress. A multi-method approach ensures accurate identification of ROS dynamics, antioxidant responses, and the extent of oxidative damage, providing crucial insights into redox biology and its impact on health and disease.
氧化应激是由活性氧（ROS）的形成与抗氧化防御系统的活性之间的失衡引起的，这会破坏氧化还原信号传导并导致分子损伤。虽然有许多方法可用于测量氧化应激，但ROS产生和抗氧化反应的复杂性和动态性需要采用多方面的方法。直接方法如电子自旋共振（ESR）和荧光探针可直接测量ROS，但受某些种类短寿命的限制。间接方法如脂质过氧化标志物（如丙二醛，MDA）、蛋白质氧化（如羰基含量）和DNA损伤（如8-氧代-dG）提供氧化损伤的信息，但它们无法捕捉ROS的实时动态。抗氧化防御系统，包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）等酶成分，进一步使评估复杂化，因为它会对氧化应激挑战做出动态反应。此外，细胞器和组织中ROS产生的区室化性质，加上氧化损伤和修复的时间变异性，突出了整合多种评估方法的必要性。本评论强调了使用单一检测方法的局限性，并强调了结合互补技术以全面评估氧化应激的重要性。多方法途径可确保准确识别ROS动态、抗氧化反应和氧化损伤程度，为氧化还原生物学及其对健康和疾病的影响提供关键见解。
