Arruda Matheus Soares, Costa Thaís Alkifeles, Moreira Gabriel Dias, Jacob Daniel, de Oliveira Marcelle Alves, Biccas Mikaelly Frasson, de Oliveira Paschoal Ana Maria, Guimarães Anna Catarina Dias Soares, Viegas Samantha Stephany Fiuza Meneses, Garcia-Oliveira Gabriela Fernanda, Cruz Ana Luiza Campos, Almeida Letícia Trindade, Souza E Silva Maria Fernanda Alves, da Rocha Vilela Daniel Ambrózio, Mendes Thais Melo, Alves Pedro Augusto, Hanley Kathryn A, Vasilakis Nikos, do Vale Beirão Marina, Drumond Betânia Paiva
Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
Instituto René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
Pathogens. 2025 Sep 1;14(9):866. doi: 10.3390/pathogens14090866.
Between 2016 and 2018, the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, experienced its most significant yellow fever (YF) outbreak in 80 years. Yellow fever virus (YFV) circulation persisted afterward, with continued non-human primate (NHP) epizootics and, recently, human cases. In June 2024, YFV RNA was detected in a dead marmoset () in an urban square in Belo Horizonte (BH), prompting a field investigation in an adjacent park to assess infection in potential mosquito vectors and NHPs. A total of 250 mosquitoes representing nine species were collected at ground and canopy level, of which and comprised 78.8% of the specimens. spp. and spp. mosquitoes were not collected, possibly due to the short sampling window during the dry season. No active YFV infection was detected in any of the mosquito pools tested. Eight marmosets () were captured and tested for arboviral infections. Five out of eight sera, representing both adult and juvenile (less than 17 months old) animals, tested positive for anti-YFV IgM. Interestingly, two adults recaptured in later expeditions revealed seroconversion. One was IgM-positive in July 2024 but negative by September 2024, consistent with the expected decline in IgM levels. The other, initially IgM-negative (as of July 2024), tested positive in April 2025, indicating recent exposure to YFV. These findings provide evidence for the ongoing, low-level circulation of YFV among urban NHPs, posing a continued risk of viral spillover to humans. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of active surveillance in detecting recent infections that would likely be missed by passive monitoring. This integrated approach enhances our understanding of local YF epidemiology and supports early, evidence-based public health interventions to prevent future human outbreaks.
2016年至2018年期间，巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州经历了80年来最严重的黄热病疫情。此后，黄热病毒（YFV）持续传播，非人灵长类动物（NHP）疫情不断，最近还出现了人类病例。2024年6月，在贝洛奥里藏特（BH）一个城市广场的一只死亡狨猴体内检测到YFV RNA，促使对相邻公园进行实地调查，以评估潜在蚊媒和非人灵长类动物的感染情况。在地面和树冠层共收集了代表9个物种的250只蚊子，其中 和 占标本的78.8%。未收集到 属和 属蚊子，可能是由于旱季采样窗口较短。在所检测的任何蚊群中均未检测到活跃的YFV感染。捕获了8只狨猴并检测虫媒病毒感染情况。8份血清中的5份，代表成年和幼年（小于17个月大）动物，抗YFV IgM检测呈阳性。有趣的是，在后来的考察中重新捕获的两只成年狨猴出现了血清转化。一只在2024年7月IgM呈阳性，但到2024年9月呈阴性，这与IgM水平预期下降一致。另一只最初IgM呈阴性（截至2024年7月），在2025年4月检测呈阳性，表明最近接触过YFV。这些发现为YFV在城市非人灵长类动物中持续低水平传播提供了证据，对病毒向人类溢出构成持续风险。此外，这些结果凸显了主动监测在检测可能被被动监测遗漏的近期感染方面的重要性。这种综合方法增强了我们对当地黄热病流行病学的理解，并支持基于证据的早期公共卫生干预措施，以预防未来的人类疫情。
