Synthesis of Species and Genotypes in Wild Birds: A Review.

Globally, infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. Molecular tools have identified nine species, including with eight genotypes. Birds, with their wide-ranging habitats and movement capabilities, are crucial disseminators of . This review aimed to identify species in wild birds globally, utilizing various academic databases with search terms such as "wild birds" and "" in combination with Boolean operators for comprehensive results. spp. have been identified in thirteen orders of wild birds; however, they have been genotyped in only seven orders. assemblage A was identified in wild birds from the Americas; meanwhile, assemblages A, B, D, and F were identified from Europe, and B and E from Asia. Assemblage B is mainly associated with humans and a wide number of wild animals. Therefore, ascertaining the prevalence of and its assemblages across diverse avian species and orders is crucial to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission associated with the dissemination of this protozoan.