Ma Si, Xia Rongjing, Wu Wenjie, Duan Zhiqiang
Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Vet Res. 2025 Nov 5;56(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01647-0.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a representative paramyxovirus that usually causes severe infections and substantial economic losses to the global poultry industry. Over the years, NDV has attracted widespread attention as a promising oncolytic virotherapy agent and vector vaccine against many pathogens and an important prototype for elucidating the replication and pathogenesis of other paramyxoviruses. The F and HN glycoproteins are two kinds of glycosylated transmembrane proteins located on the virion envelope that play multiple roles in the virulence, infection, replication, and pathogenicity of NDV. In view of the ability to induce neutralizing and protective antibodies and the similarity in the structural features of the F and HN glycoproteins of NDV and other paramyxoviruses, investigating their structures and functions is beneficial for understanding the viral lifecycle and pathogenesis and developing more effective broad-spectrum antibodies or antiviral drugs against viral infection. This systematic review aims to summarize the structural features and membrane fusion mechanism of the F and HN glycoproteins and their relationships with viral virulence, pathogenic phenotype and thermostability, coupled with the crucial roles of F/HN-host protein/compound interactions in the infection, replication, and pathogenicity of NDV. Additionally, this review also highlights the importance of technologies such as protein‒protein interactome analysis, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening, and computational structural biology for providing novel viewpoints on the lifecycle and pathogenesis of NDV and related paramyxoviruses and valuable reference information for the future development of efficient treatment strategies targeting viral glycoproteins.
新城疫病毒（NDV）是一种具有代表性的副粘病毒，通常会引发严重感染，并给全球家禽业造成巨大经济损失。多年来，NDV作为一种有前景的溶瘤病毒治疗剂和针对多种病原体的载体疫苗，以及用于阐明其他副粘病毒复制和发病机制的重要原型，已引起广泛关注。F糖蛋白和HN糖蛋白是位于病毒粒子包膜上的两种糖基化跨膜蛋白，在NDV的毒力、感染、复制和致病性中发挥多种作用。鉴于其诱导中和抗体和保护性抗体的能力，以及NDV与其他副粘病毒的F糖蛋白和HN糖蛋白在结构特征上的相似性，研究它们的结构和功能有助于理解病毒生命周期和发病机制，并开发出更有效的针对病毒感染的广谱抗体或抗病毒药物。本系统综述旨在总结F糖蛋白和HN糖蛋白的结构特征、膜融合机制，以及它们与病毒毒力、致病表型和热稳定性的关系，同时阐述F/HN-宿主蛋白/化合物相互作用在NDV感染、复制和致病性中的关键作用。此外，本综述还强调了蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用组分析、单颗粒冷冻电子显微镜、全基因组CRISPR/Cas9文库筛选和计算结构生物学等技术的重要性，这些技术为了解NDV及相关副粘病毒的生命周期和发病机制提供了新观点，并为未来开发针对病毒糖蛋白的高效治疗策略提供了有价值的参考信息。
